Extra Flashcards
Most clones become () cells that fight infections, some become () cells
effector
,Memory
Autoimmune diseases:
-()/Psoriatic arthritis: destroys joints
() gravis: impairs nerve-muscle connections
Multiple (): destroys myelin sheath
()’ disease: causes hyperthyroidism
Type () diabetes mellitus: destroys insulin-producing pancreatic cells
Systemic lupus () (SLE): affects multiple organs—Kidneys, Bones, Heart
Rheumatoid
Myasthenia
sclerosis
Graves
1
erythematosus
() immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
-() () virus (HIV) cripples immune system by interfering with activity of helper () cells
-Characterized by severe weight loss, night (), and opportunistic infections
-Opportunistic infections occur, including () pneumonia and various cancers, such as ()’s sarcoma
Acquired
Human
immunodeficiency
T
sweats
Pneumocystis
Kaposi
Young lymphocyte’s first encounter with antigen triggers lymphocyte to develop further
-Lymphocyte is selected to differentiate into active cell by binding to its specific antigen (_ selection)
-Once selected and activated, lymphocyte proliferates (_ expansion)
clonal
T cells provide defense against () antigens
-Virally-infected cells, cancerous/abnormal cells, foreign (transplanted) cells
Others release chemicals () that regulate immune response
Two populations of T cells
Based on which cell () receptors are displayed on their surface
intracellular
cytokines
differentiation
()
Play central role in adaptive () response
-Activate both () and () arms
-Once primed by Antigen presenting complex (APC) presentation, helper T cells:
-Help () B cells and other T cells
-Induce T and B cell ()
-Secrete () that recruit other immune cells
Helper T cells invaded by ()
Cd4+ T helper cells
immune
humoral
cellular
activate
proliferation
cytokines
HIV
Directly attack and kill other cells
Activated () cells circulate in blood, () and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize
Activated TC cells target:
()-infected cells
Cells with () bacteria or parasites
Cancer cells
() cells (transfusions or transplants)
Cd8+ cytotoxic t cells
TC
lymph
Virus
intracellular
Foreign
Chemical messengers of immune system
Mediate cell development, differentiation, and responses in immune system
Include (), (), & TNF
cytokines
interferons
interleukins
Antigen-() cells (APCs)
Includes:
-Macrophages & () cells (phagocytes)
-() lymphocytes (receptor-mediated endocytosis)
-Original antigen brought into APC
-Fragment of original antigen presented on MHC molecule, on surface of APC, to T lymphocytes
-() cell require antigen presentation; B cells do not
presenting
Dendritic
B
T
TC cell releases () and () by exocytosis
() create pores through which () enter target cell
-Granzymes stimulate apoptosis (programmed cell death)
“Stab” holes in the pathogen cell’s membrane and drop granzymes into cell to destroy it
perforins
granzymes
Perforins
granzymes
() T cells:
Dampen immune response by direct contact or by secreting inhibitory cytokines such as IL-() and transforming growth factor () (TGF-)
Important in preventing () reactions
Regulatory
10
beta
autoimmune
Type II hypersensitivity
Cell () by Antibody binding
() occurs rather than cell death
-Occurs in Grave’s disease of thyroid & () Gravis
Auto-antibodies bind to () receptors causing overproduction of thyroid hormone
Dysfunction
Dysfunction
Myasthenia
TSH
