extra Flashcards
biggest risk factor for still birth
foetal growth restriction
biggest risk facotr for neonatal death
maternal age under 25 or over 40
non productive cough , tachypnoea and intercostal recession in a child under 1 year of age suggestive of
bronchiolitis
RSV
hosp
humidified oxygen via a head box and may requrie nasogastric feeding
what is potters syndrome
Potter’s sequence describes the typical physical appearance caused by pressure in utero due to oligohydramnios. The olighydramnios can occur due to a range of variety of reasons. When it is a result of bilateral renal agenesis, it is called Potter Syndrome.
It is called Potter sequence to reflect that the phenotype results due to a sequence of events resulting form the oligohydramnios:
Renal tract complications result in reduced amniotic fluid production
The lack of amniotic fluid results in foetal compression causing the characteristic facial and limb features
The lack of amniotic fluid also affects lung development, causing pulmonary hypoplasia
signs of potters syndrome
Facial signs include:
Flattened ‘parrot-beaked’ nose
Recessed chin
Downward epicanthal folds
Low-set, cartilage-deficient ears (known as ‘Potter’s ears’)
Pulmonary hypoplasia can result in the baby having respiratory distress at birth.
measles diagnostic investigation
PCR test for m mRNA
if after 48hr measles specific immunoglobulin M - IGm and IgG serology
raised immuno reactive trypsinogen suggestive of what
cf
baby with sleepy, jaundice, hypotonia, macroglossia, umbilical hernia, reduced feedingand constipation
congenital hypothyroidism
heel prick tests for
congenital hypothyroidism - high TSH
CF - raised immuno-reactive trypsinogen
phenlketonuria - raised phenylalanine
maple syrup urine disease
sickle cell - Hbs
MCAD - rasied acylcarnitine level
homocysteine urea
glutaric acid urea
isovalric acidemia
when is the heel prick test done
5-8 days of life
juvenile idiopathic arthritis
under what age and swelling for how long
children <16 years old who have persistent joint swelling (>6 weeks)
Intussusception describes invagination (telescoping) of proximal bowel into a distal segment (commonly ileum) passing into the caecum through the ileocaecal valve.
3 motnhs to 2 years
sx
May refuse feeds
Vomiting may be bile stained depending on site of intussusception
Passage of redcurrant jelly stool compromising of blood-stained mucus
Abdominal distension
Sausage-shaped mass may be palpated in the abdomen
intersusseption what would abdo US show
‘target’ sign (concentric echogenic and hypoechogenic bands) and can also show complications of disease such as free-abdominal air or presence of gangrene.
mx of intersusspetion
Rectal air insufflation or contrast enema (only to be performed if child is stable)
Operative reduction indicated if –
Failure of non-operative management
Peritonitis or perforation is present
Haemodynamically unstable
delayed pubtery at age 14 what investigation is the most important
x ray of hamds and wrist to assess bone age which would tell you
delayed pubtery defintion by what age in both men and women
Delayed puberty is classed as no pubertal development by the age of 14 in boys and 13 in girls.
Causes
rare causes of delayed pubtery
Other (much less common) causes of delayed puberty include those associated with low and high gonadotrophin secretion.
Low gonadotrophin secretion induces pituitary disorders (craniopharyngiomas, Kallmann syndrome, panhypopituitarism or isolated gonadotrophin deficiency), hypothyroidism, or systemic disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis or Crohn’s).
High gonadotrophin secretion causes include chromosomal disorders (Turner’s XO, Klinefelter’s XXY), congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or acquired hypogonadism (e.g. after chemotherapy)
What is hypoechoic area
Opening of the spinal cord suggestive of spinal bifida
Is US better at looking af fluids or bone
Fluids - hard to look at foetal brain as bone becomes thicker
In part of treatment for CIN what is given to help identify cells in high nuclear protein indicating cytological abnormality
Acetic acid
Threatened miscarriage give mifepristone 400mg BD and progesterone given till week 16 . Incomplete m or missed m offer misoprostoo 800mg
From what week do we do MVA or surgical
Under 10 weeks some 14 weeks