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extra Flashcards

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1
Q

Why has employment of women grown?

A

Birth rate decreasing, population growth, gender equality movmenets made it easier for them to find work.

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2
Q

How is globalisation affecting secondary work?

A

Increase in high end manufacturing as low end moved offshore, reduction in jobs as off shore is cheaper labour so more and increase in TNC’s in englandlike Honda.

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3
Q

Economic decline causing floods.

A

Less money spend so less protection

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4
Q

Snow up.

A

Okay.

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5
Q

What is lowland area like?

A

Warm and dry.

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6
Q

What is upland area like?

A

Cold, wetter as clouds forced up so fhhe condense and rainfall.

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7
Q

Small streams that are at deltas?

A

Distributaries.

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8
Q

What is a tributary?

A

A river flowing into a larger river.

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9
Q

What is an estuary?

A

The mouth of river.

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10
Q

What is a confluence?

A

When river meets bigger river.

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11
Q

Tombolas.

A

islands off coast connected.

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12
Q

What are scree slopes?

A

Pieces of angular rock pieces on a slope formed by freeze-thaw weathering.

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13
Q

What does steep=?

A

Destructive, steep beaches.

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14
Q

Percolation?

A

Soil to rock.

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15
Q

Helicoidal flow?

A

cork-screw-like flow of water in a meander.

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16
Q

Bay.

A

Swanage bay.

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17
Q

Cove.

A

Lulworth cove.

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18
Q

Scarp and vale?

A

The uplift of rock has created features such as fault scarps where movement has resulted in layers of rock at an angle and higher up than others.

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19
Q

Gabions.

A

Cages of boulders built into a cliff face, the small rocks within the cages help absorb wave energy.

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20
Q

Rock armour.

A

absorbs wave energy.

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21
Q

Lake district.

A

Freeze thaw, rockfalls and landslides, misfit rivers and silt and mud deposition.

22
Q

The weald.

A

Weathering, chemical and biological. Steep escarpments and flat vales(scarp and vale topography), dry valleys and flat land. lots of vegetation as mild. Uplift caused movement of rock strata’s causing an anticline where layers of hard rock stick out.

23
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

Urban sprawl is the unrestricted growth in many urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.

24
Q

What is the main characteristic of the weald?

A

Mild so used for agricultural purposes.

25
Q

Where are sed rocks?

A

South and east.

26
Q

What are the characteristics of granite?

A

Very resistant and forms upland areas, lots of joints (cracks) which are not evenly spread so rock can stick out and form tors. Granite is impermeable which creates moorlands (large areas of waterlogged land and acidic soil with low-growing vegetation).

27
Q

What did glaciers leave?

A

Hanging valleys.

28
Q

Carbonation weathering.

A

Seawater and rainwater have carbon dioxide dissolved in them which makes them weak carbonic acids which react with rock that contain calcium carbonate. For example carboniferous limestone, so the rocks are dissolved by the rainwater.

29
Q

How has agriculture affected the coast?

A

Agricultural land has low economic value which means it is often left unprotected so erosion can happen. Vegetation helps to bind the soil together and stabilise clifftops but clearing vegetation from grazing can expose the soil and leave it vulnerable to weathering. Marshland is sometimes reclaimed and drained for agricultural use. This reduces natural flood barrier.

30
Q

ow dose development affect the coast?

A

Costal areas are popular places to live and work so they often have lots of development. For example hotels. Costs with lots of settlement may have more coastal defences to protect businesses and homes. However this could cause change in transportation of material. This can make beaches further down narrower which leaves them more vulnerable to erosion.

31
Q

How does industry affect the coast?

A

Coastal quarries expose large areas of rock. Gravel is extracted from some beaches for use in the construction industry for making concrete. This has removed material from the coast and increased the risk of erosion as there is less material to protect the cliffs. Industrial growth at ports, increased pressure to build on salt marshes as they are flat but this removes the natural flood barrier.

32
Q

What does the long profile show?

A

How the gradient changes over the different courses

33
Q

hat does the cross profile show?

A

The cross section of the river.

34
Q

What are the two soft engineering techniques for rivers?

A

Flood plain retention and river restoration.

35
Q

What is flood plain retention

A

This strategy involves maintaining the river’s flood plain by not building on it. It helps slow floodwater and maintains the flood plain. It is free but restricts development and cannot be used in urban areas.

36
Q

What is flood plain restoration.

A

Making river more natural by removing man made levees so the flood plain can flood naturally. Less risk of flooding downstream as discharge reduced. Little maintenance needed but can increase local flood risk.

37
Q

Deprivation.

A

Index of muktiple deprivation.

38
Q

How much of London is public greenspace.

A

40%

39
Q

What is an esturary

A

where river meets sea

40
Q

Physical weathering?

A

Temperature change.

41
Q

What is a confluence?

A

The point where a tributaries meets the main river.

42
Q

What are scree slopes?

A

Pieces of angular rock pieces on a slope formed by freeze-thaw weathering.

43
Q

What does steep=?

A

Destructive.

44
Q

What does warm water=

A

Storms.

45
Q

What is a bay?

A

Swanage bay

46
Q

What is a cove?

A

Lulworth cove.

47
Q

What is scarp and vale?

A

The uplift of rock has created features such as fault scarps where movement has resulted in laters of rock at an angle and higher up than others.

48
Q

What are gabions?

A

Cages of boulders built into a cliff face, the small rocks within the cages help absorb wave energy.

49
Q

Rock armour.

A

Absorb wave energy.

50
Q

What do sheep do to young trees

A

Trample onm them so they die

51
Q

What is the old harry thing called

A

A stack

52
Q

What erodes headlands

A

hydtaulic action and abrasion

Geography (15 decks)

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