external form

Question 1

stanzas

Answer 1

• = groups of lines divided from other groups by white
  space on the page
  
  • has the effect of sectioning a poem
• historically = stanzas have most often be organised by
  patterns of rhyme and of meter

Question 2

traditional stanza forms

Answer 2

terza rima; spenserian stanza; ballad stanza

Question 3

terza rima

Answer 3

stanzas are linked to each other by a common sound:
- one rhyme sound from each stanza is picked up in the
next stanza,

• involves iambic meter + each line has five beats

→ not very common in english bc it requires many different rhymes

Question 4

spenserian stanza

Answer 4

uses three rhyme sounds in nine rhymed lines;

first eight lines are in iambic pentameter, ninth has one extra foot → hexameter (ababbcbcc)

Question 5

ballad stanza

Answer 5

has only one set of rhymes in four lines,

line 1+3 do not rhyme at all + are in iambic tetrameter,

lines 2+4 are rhymed iambic trimester;

often used in ballads (abcb)

Question 6

traditional verse forms

Answer 6

• rhyming couplet: any pair of consecutive lines that
  share end rhymes
• heroic couplets: iambic pentameter
• blank verse: consists of lines with a regular meter,
  usually iambic pentameter but no discernible rhyme
  scheme
• free verse: lacks both regular meter and rhyme

Question 7

fixed forms or form-based subgenres

Answer 7

stanza breaks/other arrangements of print + space help guide the voice and the mind to a clearer sense of sound, meaning and feeling

Question 8

concrete poetry

Answer 8

• poems composed in a specific shape so that they
  resemble physical objects
• technopaegnia = construction of poems with visual
  appeal
• concrete poetry = attempt to supplement verbal
  meanings with deviced from painting and sculpture

Question 9

sonnet (generally

Answer 9

• originated in medieval Italy and France
• dominated english poetry in the late 16th + 17th
  century, was revived a few times from late 18th
  century onwards
• 14 lines long, usually written in iambic pentameter;
  often printed as a single stanza, although it has formal
  devisions defined by its various rhyme schemes
• usually love poems/private life; personal, apparently
  open and sincere tone
• conventional topics: (human) mortality, (art’s)
  immortality
  —> can vary

Question 10

english/shakespearean sonnet:

Answer 10

divided into 3 units of 4 lines each (quatrains) and a final unit of 2 lines (couplets);

classic scheme: abab cdcd efef gg, many variations still reflect the basic 4-4-4-2 division;

works well for a poem that makes a three-step argument (with either quick summary or dramatic turn at the end) or for setting up brief, cumulative images

Question 11

Italian/Petrarchan sonnet:

Answer 11

fundamental break between the first eight lines (called an octave) + the last six(sestet);

typical scheme: abbaabba cdecde, many variation still reflect the basic division into two parts, an octave and a sestet;

octave often states a proposition or generalization;

sestet provides a particular example/consequence/application or 2nd part may turn away from the first to present a new position or response

Question 12

haiku

Answer 12

• poetic form
• japanese in origin
• in English: consists of 17 syllables arranged in three
  unrhymed lines of five, seven and five syllables