External Differences

Question 1

Troyna and Williams

Answer 1

Childs language is not the problem, its the schools attitude towards it.
Teachers have a speech hierarchy:
WC - MC - Black Speech

Question 2

Keddie

Answer 2

Cultural deprivation is a victim blaming explanation - child cannot be deprived of its own culture.
WC children are culturally DIFFERENT

Question 3

Blackstone and Mortimer

Answer 3

WC parents attend fewer parents evenings because they work longer/less regular hours and are put off by schools MC environment

Question 4

Bourdieu

Answer 4

. Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, attitudes, values, language and tastes and abilities of the MC
. Through their socialisation, MC pupils are more likely to grasp abstract ideas - advantage

Question 5

What are Bourdieus’ 3 types of capital ?

Answer 5

Economic capital
Social capital
Cultural Capital

Question 6

Bourdieu (economic and educational capital)

Answer 6

MC children with cultural capital are better equipped to meet the demands of the curriculum

Question 7

Leech and Campos

Answer 7

Found in their study of Cov, MC parents are more likely to be able to afford houses in the catchment areas of better schools - ‘selection by mortage’

Question 8

Sullivan

Answer 8

Used questionnaires of 465 pupils to assess their cultural capital, asked them about a range of activities
Concluded the greater aspirations and resources of the MC explain the remainder of the class gap in achievement

Question 9

Howard

Answer 9

Children from poorer families are likely to consume less vitamins/minerals and have less energy. Affects health
Likely to result in poor concentration and absences

Question 10

Bull

Answer 10

‘Cost of free schooling’
lack of financial support means children from poorer families have to do without equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance their educational achievement

Question 11

Tanner et al

Answer 11

Found items such as transport, uniform and books places a heavy burden on poor families

Question 12

Callender and Jackson

Answer 12

Found WC children to be more ‘debt averse’ - saw debt as something to be avoided
Saw more costs than benefits in going to uni

Question 13

Hubbs Tait et al

Answer 13

Found where parents use language that challenges children, cognitive preformance improves
Less educated parents use less challenging language

Question 14

Sugarman

Answer 14

Differences stem from the fact that MC jobs are secure careers offering prospects for continuous advancement - encourages ambition

Question 15

Bernstein

Answer 15

Restricted and elaborated code

Question 16

Bernstein and Young

Answer 16

Found MC mothers are more likely to buy educational books/toys

Question 17

Douglas

Answer 17

Found WC parents placed less value on education - less ambitious for their children, gave them less encouragement and took less interest in their education