EXTERNAL Class Differences

Question 1

What are the 3 main external factors effecting class achievement levels

Answer 1

Cultural deprivation
Material deprivation
Cultural capital

Question 2

Hubbs-Tait at al (2002)

Answer 2

Parents language challenge children = improves cognitive performance

Question 3

Feinstein (2008)

Answer 3

Agrees with hubbs

Educated parents more likely to use language in that way

Question 4

Bernstein

Answer 4

Restricted speech code -
Limited vocabulary; short, unfinished, simple sentences. W/c

Elaborated speech code -
m/c. Wide vocabulary; long, complex sentences

Question 5

Douglas (1964)

Answer 5

W/c parents put less value on education = less ambition = less encouragement = less interest in education, visits school less = lower levels of motivation and achievement

Question 6

Feinstein (2008)

Answer 6

M/c parents are more educated, helps children when being socialised - get exposed to it at a younger age

Question 7

Bernstein and Young (1967)

Answer 7

M/c mother more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities = encouragement and simulate development

W/c lack resources = find it harder

Question 8

Sugarman (1970)

4 features that barrier educational achievement

Answer 8

• fatalism: belief in fate, nothing to change the status.
• collectivism: valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual.
• Immediate gratification: seeking pleasure now rather than rewards for the future.
• present-time orientation: seeing the present as more important than the future, no long-term goals.

Question 9

Criticism for cultural deprivation:

Keddie

Answer 9

Keddie (1973)
CD as a ‘myth’
Sees it as victim blaming.
A child can not be deprived from its own culture

Question 10

Criticism of CD:

Troyna & williams

Answer 10

Not the problem of the children’s language but the schools attitude towards it - ‘speech hierarchy’

Question 11

Howard (2001)

Answer 11

W/c lower intake of energy, vitamins & minerals = weak immune system, lower energy levels = absences from school, difficulties concentration

Question 12

Tanner et al (2003)

Answer 12

Cost of vital items (transport, uniform, books, computers, calculators, sport, music…) caused a heavy burden on poor families

Question 13

Callender and Jackson (2005)

Answer 13

W/c students more debt averse.

Less likely to go to university as a result of debt

Question 14

Who states the 3 types of capital?

Answer 14

Bourdieu

Question 15

Bourdieu (1984)

Answer 15

Uses the concept of ‘capital’ to explain why middle class are more successful.
Cultural capital - refers to knowledge, attitude, values, language, tastes and abilities of the m/c (advantage to them: better at understanding = success).
Educational - m/c better equipped to meet curriculum & qualification.
Economic capital -

Question 16

Criticism for Bernstein’s speech codes

Answer 16

W/c not culturally deprived but school fails to teach them elaborated code

Question 17

What does Tanner et al say?

Answer 17

Cost of school items put a heavy burden on poor families = hand-me-downs (unfashionable = feel isolated & bullies)

Question 18

What schemes are in Compensory Education? (Criticism of CD)

Answer 18

EMA (education maintenance allowance)
Operation head start 
Sure start centres
Free school meals
Pupil premium

Question 19

Problems with compensatory education

Answer 19

Funding from gov (will get cut easily)
Social sigma (parents don’t like stating their low pay)
Controlling spending (hard at understanding what everyone going to spend on their money)

Question 20

What does Bull say?

Answer 20

The ‘Cost of free schooling’

Links with tanner et al