Extended Chemistry Flashcards
What is the formula for mole calculations ?
Number of moles = mass in (g) (of compound or element)
—————————————————
Mr ( of element or compound
An ester is the mix of two things what are they ?
Alcohol and carbolic acids
When sodium hydroxide is added to a calcium solution, what colour will the precipitate go ?
White
When sodium hydroxide is added to a copper solution, what colour will the precipitate go ?
Blue
When sodium hydroxide is added to a iron 3+ solution, what colour will the precipitate go ?
Brown
When sodium hydroxide is added to a iron 2+ solution, what colour will the precipitate go ?
Green
When testing for the halide chloride what is the precipitate called and what colour is it ?
Silver chloride which is white colour
When testing for the halide bromide what is the precipitate called and what colour is it ?
Sliver bromide which is cream colour
When testing for the halide iodide what is the precipitate called and what colour is it ?
Sliver iodide which is yellow colour
2 easy ways you can identify hard water
1) Doesn’t leather soap very easily.
2) Makes scum
Hard water contains two ions
- Magnesium ions
- Calcium ions
What is a positive ion called ?
Cation
What is a negative ion called ?
Anion
What electrode are cations attracted too?
Negative cathode
What are are anions attracted too?
Positive anode
Are electrons lost or gained during an oxidation reaction ?
Lost
Are electrons lost or gained during an reduction reaction ?
Gained
What happens to the simplest ion at the anode?
It’s discharged
If a metal is less reactive than hydrogen what happens at the cathode ?
The metal is discharged
If the hydrogen is less reactive than the metal, what happens at the cathode ?
The hydrogen is discharged
During electrolysis what are the half equations at the anode and cathode for copper chloride solution ?
Cathode = Cu2+ + 2e- —> Cu Anode = 2Cl- —> Cl2 + 2e-
During electrolysis what are the half equations at the anode and cathode for copper sulphate solution ?
Cathode = Cu2+ + 2e- —> Cu Anode = 2Cl- —> Cl2 + 2e-
During electrolysis what are the half equations at the anode and cathode for sodium sulphate solution ?
Cathode = 2H+ + 2e- —> H2 Anode = 4OH- —> 2H2O + O2 +4e-
During electrolysis what are the half equations at the anode and cathode for sodium chloride solution ?
Cathode = 2H+ + 2e- —> H2 Anode = 2Cl- —> Cl2 + 2e-
What is electroplating ?
Coating the surface of one metal using another metal, this is done by using electricity.
What gases is taken from the air and used in the Haber process?
Nitrogen + Hydrogen
What greatly increases the level of nutrients in water ?
Eutrophication
What is realised when ammonia is formed?
Heat
What happens when you decrease the temperature of the ammonia reaction ?
Increased the rate of the forward reaction.
What are titration so used for?
To find out CONCENTRATIONS
What type of reaction is a titration?
Neutralisation reaction
What is the universal indicator used for during a titration?
To tell you when the reaction has finished.
What equation is used to find out the number of moles in a liquid ?
Number of moles = concentration x volume
What equation is used to find out the concentration of a substance?
Concentration = moles/volume
What does the term ‘insoluble’ mean?
A substance which does not dissolve.
In order to make soluble salts, you can react an acid with what two different reactants?
Insoluble base and soluble base (alkali).
By adding copper oxide to hydrochloride acid you make what soluble salt?
Copper chloride
What reactant is sodium and potassium? Soluble or insoluble?
Soluble base (alkali)
During electroplating what electrode is the object being plated attracted to?
Cathode
During the electroplating of a brass cup (NO3-) using a silver bar (Ag+), what is the half equation at the ANODE?
Ag —> Ag+ + e-
During the electroplating of a brass cup (NO3-) using a silver bar (Ag+), what is the half equation at the CATHODE?
Ag+ + e- —> Ag
Name two uses at electroplating?
1) Decoration
2) Prevent of Corrosion
dm3 is equivalent to how many cm3
1000cm3 ( a litre)
1mole of any gas always occupies how many dm3 ?
24 dm3
(FILL IN THE GAP) 24dm3 is also know as the _____ _____ of a gas.
Molar volume
What is 24dm2 of a gas also known as ?
Molar volume
Define the homologous series ?
A group of compounds with the same general formula, one that decries all of the compounds in the group
When naming the homologous series what is the 3 names ?
“Meth-“ One carbon
“Ethe-“ Two carbons
“Prop-“ Three carbons
What happens when dynamic equilibrium occur ?
- When the RATE OF FORWARD REACTION is the same as the RATE OF REVERSE REACTION.
- There are no observable changes.
- Both directions of reactions are happening at the same time.
What method is used to concentrate ethonal?
Fractional Distillation
The haber process produces what?
Ammonia
Which two elements are used to make ammonia?
Nitrogen and hydrogen
Ammonia is used to make what for the industry?
Fertilisers
(FILL THE GAP)
Fermentation uses yeast to convert ________ into alcohol.
Carbohydrates
What process is used to concentrate ethanol?
Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is used to increase the concentration of ethanol above what percentage?
20%
Does ethanol have a lower or higher boiling point than water?
Lower
What’s a pro to fermentation?
It’s a renewable resource
What is a con of fermentation?
The quality of ethanol isn’t good.
It’s expensive to concentrate and purify the ethanol.
By reacting ethene and water (steam) you produce what?
Ethanol
In industry ethanol is made through ethene being reacted with steam. What is a pro to this production of ethanol?
It is fairly cheap.
Can be made continuously and quick.
It’s high quality and needs little further processing.
What is a con of ethanol being made by ethene?
Ethene is a non-renewable resource; will start running out.
Will become expensive when it becomes scarce.
Ethanol reduces activity of the nervous system. Give two effects this has on people…
TWO OF THE BELOW
- increased reaction times
- impaired judgment
- poor balance
- poor coordination
- unconsciousness
- coma
Give two example of why alcohol is bad for society…
- people become addicted to alcohol (alcoholism)
- can lead to lairy behaviour and violence
- can lead to irresponsible sexual behaviour
- drink driving; causes death and serious injury
- has economic costs
What process can convert ethanol back to ethene?
Dehydration
When ethanol is oxidised it creates what?
Ethanoic acid
The salts formed from ethanoic acid are called what?
Ethanoates
Ethanoic acid + magnesium —> ____________ + __________
Hydrogen + magnesium Ethanoate
Ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide —> __________ + __________
Sodium Ethanoate + water
Ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate —> _______ +_______ + _________
Sodium Ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
Alcohol + carboxylic acid —> ______+_______
Ester + water
What two purposes are esters commonly used for?
- flavourings
- perfumes
Long chain molecules are known as what?
Polymers
What three things are made from polyesters?
- plastic bottles
- fabric
- can be recycled into fleece
When an ester reacts with an alkali, you end up with what?
A soap
Is the hydroPHOBIC tail of a soap anion attracted to the water or oil?
Grease (e.g oil)
Is the hydroPHILIC head of a soap anion attracted to water or grease?
Water
What is group 1 in the periodic table called?
The alkali metals
What is group 7 in the periodic table called?
The halogens
What is group 0 in the periodic table called?
The noble gases
What will adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) do to a solution ?
Change is colour
During a flame test Na will show what colour ?
Yellow / Orange
During a flame test K will show what colour ?
Lilac
During a flame test Cu will show what colour ?
Blue - green
During a flame test Ca will show what colour ?
Brick red
