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Additional Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

The number of protons is equal to the number of what?

A

The number of electrons

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2
Q

What charge do PROTONS have?

A

Positive

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3
Q

What charge do NEUTRONS have?

A

Neutral

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4
Q

What charge do ELECTRONS have?

A

Negative

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5
Q

How many electrons can occupy each shell around an atom?

A

1st shell= 2
2nd shell= 8
3rd shell = 8

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6
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom made up from?

A

Protons and neutrons

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7
Q

What does the MASS NUMBER of an element tell you?

A

The total number of PROTONS and NEUTRONS in the atom.

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8
Q

What does the ATOMIC number of an element tell you?

A

The number of PROTONS in the atom.

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9
Q

What is the name of positively or negatively charged atoms?

A

Ions

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10
Q

Elements in groups 1 & 2 are metals or non metals?

A

Metals

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11
Q

FILL THE GAPS

Group 1&2 elements ______ electrons to form ______ ions or ______.

A

Lose
Positive
Cations

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12
Q

FILL THE GAPS

Group 6 & 7 elements ______ electrons to form _____ ions or _______.

A

Gain
Negative
Anions

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13
Q

The rows of the periodic table are called what?

A

Periods

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14
Q

The columns of the periodic table are called what?

A

Groups

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15
Q

The period number is the same as the number of what?

A

Electron shells

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16
Q

The group number is equal to what?

A

The number of electrons on the outer shell.

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17
Q

The process of atoms transferring electrons, is called what?

A

Ionic bonding

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18
Q

Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points; true or false?

A

True (due to their very strong bonds between ions - takes a lot of energy to break bonds.)

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19
Q

Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in which two states?

A

Aqueous and molten

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20
Q

When sodium and chlorine combine, the compounds name is ….?

A

Sodium chloride

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21
Q

When three or more elements combine, including oxygen, the compounds name will be something _____?

A

ATE

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22
Q

Are group 6 & 7 elements metals?

A

NO! They are non metals

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23
Q

When sodium gives up an outer electron and gives it to the chlorine atom;which element becomes positive and which becomes negative?

A 
Sodium = positive = Na+
Chlorine = negative = Cl-
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24
Q

Ionic compounds can be shown through what sort of diagram?

A

Dot and cross

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25
Q

Ionic compounds produce what structure?

A

Regular lattice structure

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26
Q

If one hydroxide ion (OH-) is needed to balance one sodium ion (Na+), what would the formula for this compound be?

A

NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

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27
Q

Two chloride ions (Cl-) are needed to balance one magnesium ion (Mg2+), what would the formula be for his compound?

A

MgCl2 (magnesium chloride)

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28
Q

What two things make up the structure of an atom?

A

The nucleus and the electrons

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29
Q

Name a technique to separate two immiscible liquids

A

Separating tunnel

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30
Q

How are miscible liquids separates?

A

Fractional distillation

31
Q

What is the use of chromatography?

A

Identifying substances

32
Q

How can you identify different substances in a mixture through chromatography?

A

Different substances wash through we filter paper at different rates.

33
Q

A chromatogram with four spots means what ?

A

There are at least 4 different substances in the sample mixture.

34
Q

Graphite creates sheets of carbon atoms meaning it does what ?

A

Slide over each other

35
Q

Give two examples of what graphite is used for ?

A

A lubricant

Pencils

36
Q

Graphite is a good conducted of electricity.

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE: there are lots of space electrons

37
Q

What does the word ‘miscible’ mean ?

A

When liquids mix together

38
Q

What is the Rf value in terms of spots on chromatogram?

A

The ratio between the distance travelled by the dissolved substance and the distance travelled by the solvent.

39
Q

If one hydroxide ion (OH-) is needed to balance one sodium ion (Na+), what would the formula for this compound be?

A

NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

40
Q

What does the term ‘soluble’ mean?

A

A substance which CAN be dissolved (especially in water)

41
Q

What does the term ‘insoluble’ mean?

A

A substance which CANNOT be dissolved

42
Q

What reaction can be used to make insoluble salts?

A

Precipitation reaction

43
Q

Describe the process of preparing an insoluble salt…

A
  1. ) react two SOLUBLE salts together in a beaker.
  2. ) wait for the precipitate to form; filter the precipitate off.
  3. ) rinse the solid with distiller water - to ensure all soluble salt ions aren’t present.
44
Q

What colour does potassium turn a flame?

A

Lilac

45
Q

What colour does sodium turn a flame?

A

Yellow/orange

46
Q

What colour does calcium turn a flame?

A

Brick red flame

47
Q

What colour does copper turn a flame?

A

Blue - green flame

48
Q

How do you test for carbonates being present in a solution?

A

Check for Co2 - LIMEWATER TEST

49
Q

How do you test for sulphate ions?

A

Add dilute HCl and barium chloride solution; a white precipitate will form meaning the compound contains sulfate.

50
Q

How do you test for chloride ions?

A

Add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution. A chloride will show a white precipitate being formed.

51
Q

When atoms SHARE electrons, it’s called what?

A

Covalent Bonding

52
Q

Covalent bonds form what?

A

A molecule

53
Q

Give two examples of giant molecular covalent substances.

A

Diamond and graphite (both only made by carbon atoms)

54
Q

How many covalent bonds do carbon atoms form in a diamond?

A

Four!!

55
Q

What is a diamond good for?

A

Cutting tools

56
Q

Why doesn’t diamond conduct electricity?

A

No free electrons

57
Q

Graphite carbon atoms form how many covalent bonds?

A

Three!!

58
Q

Why do atoms share electrons?

A

To have a complete outer shell.

59
Q

Simple molecular covalent substances have weak attraction between molecules meaning…

A

They have very low melting and boiling points

60
Q

List four things about GIANT molecular covalent substances…

A
  • high melting and boiling points
  • don’t conduct electricity (except graphite)
  • insoluble in water
  • strong covalent bonds
  • no charged ions
61
Q

What is the Rf value in terms of spots on a chromatogram?

A

The ratio between the distance travelled by the dissolved substance and the distance travelled by the solvent.

62
Q

How do you work out the Rf value?

A

Rf = distance travelled by substance
_____________________________
Distance travelled by solvent

63
Q

Elements in group 1 & 2 are all what?

A

Metals

64
Q

Name two typical properties of metals..

A
  • bendy

- great conductors

65
Q

Transition metals have two properties which metals don’t, what are they?

A
  • high melting points

- form colourful compounds

66
Q

Atoms in metals are held together by what?

A

Metallic bonds

67
Q

What does a metals ‘giant structure’ consist of?

A

Positive ions and free electrons

68
Q

Metallic bonds in metals allow the electrons to do what?

A

Move freely around

69
Q

Because electrons in metals are able to move freely through their structure, it means metals are good at what?

A

Conducting electricity

70
Q

Metals have high boiling points and are insoluble, why is this?

A

Because they have a giant metallic structure and strong bonds

71
Q

What allows metals to be bent and shaped?

A

Their layers of atoms - sliding over each other

72
Q

Metals in group one are called what?

A

Alkali metals

73
Q

Name two properties of alkali metals which make them different to other metals?

A

They’re soft

Low melting points

74
Q

Group one elements react with water to form what?

A

Hydroxides.

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