Additional Biology Flashcards
The bigger differences in concentrations, means the diffusion rate, will what?
Be faster.
When you exercise, your heart rate increases, why is this?
To get oxygenated blood around your body faster.
Why does your breathing rate increase during exercise?
To get more oxygen into your blood, to give your muscles more energy.
‘The process of breaking down glucose to release energy, which goes in every living cell,’ is the definition for what?
Respiration.
The energy released during respiration, is used to do what three things?
Build up larger molecules.
Contract muscles.
Maintain a steady body temp.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+energy!).
What is the definition for diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Oxygen, glucose and co2 are transported around the body in the blood, what is the process which moves substances between cells and capillaries?
Diffusion.
What is the equation to work out cardiac output?
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose –> lactic acid (+energy)
Lactic acid causes what in your muscles?
Cramp.
The oxygen converts lactic acid (which has built up) into what?
Carbon dioxide + water.
Photosynthesis produces what for plants?
Food = glucose
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + water sunlight Glucose +oxygen
————->
Chlorophyl
Photosynthesis takes place in green leave; but in what part of the cell?
Chloroplast
What by-product is produced during photosynthesis?
Oxygen
What three adaptation do leaves have which make them efficient for photosynthesis?
1) large surface area = exposed to light.
2) chloroplast contain chlorophyl = absorb light
3) have little holes (stomata) lets gases pass through and water vapour escape.
What happens to the mass of catalyst during a reaction?
Nothing
What does an enzyme do?
Speed up the rate of a reaction
Name the three various reactions that enzymes catalyse?
1) D.N.A replication
2) protein synthesis
3) digestion
There are fair DNA bases; (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine) how are they paired?
Adenine + thymine
Cytosine + guanine
What are the two strands of DNA held together by?
By the chemical bases
What holds the paired bases together?
Weak hydrogen bonds
How do cells make proteins?
By stringing amino acids together
FILL THE GAP!
Enzymes are ________ produces by living things.
Catalyst
Which part of the plant does photosynthesis take place?
The chloroplast
What does a large vacuole contain?
Cell sap
What doesn’t bacterial cell contain?
Nucleus
What four things do a bacterial cell have, that other cells do not have?
1) chromosomal DNA
2) plasmids
3) flagella
4) cell wall
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA
What happens in the cytoplasm?
Chemical reactions
What does the membrane do?
Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out.n
What part of the cell controls respiration?
Mitochondria
What three things Do plant cell have that a animal cell doesn’t?
1) Rigid cell wall
2) vacuole
3) cytoplast
What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Light intensity
Concentration of CO2
Temperature
What is the definition for asmosis?
The movement of water molecules across a particular permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
How is water taken into the plant from the root hairs?
Osmosis
Root hairs take minerals into the plant through which process?
Active transport
Active transport is different to diffusion, why?
Active transport is when minerals are taken from a lower centration to a higher concentration.
Where does the plant get their energy from to perform active transport?
Respiration
What is transpiration?
Loss of water from the plant
Which two processes cause transpiration of water inside the Leaves?
Evaporation and diffusion
What does the distribution of an organism mean?
Where an organism is found
Where is the most common place to find stem cells in humans?
Bone marrow
What disease is a bone marrow transplant used to cure?
Sickle cell Anaemia.
Uses of cloning…
1) Organs for transplant’s.
2) Better understanding of embryo, and ageing.
3) Help preserve endangered species.
Issues with cloning…
1) reduced gene pool
2) clonned mammals don’t live as long
3) cloning often fails
4) genetic defects
5) unhealthy immune system
The process of stem cells becoming Spatialised is called what?
Differentiation
Stem cells divide to produce what?
Most themselves or different types of specialised cells
What is a gamete
Sex cells, they are haploid
How many divisions does meiosis have?
Two
Cloning is a type of what reproduction?
Asexual
Describe the process of cloning mammals…
- ) take an unfertilised egg and remove nucleus
- ) remove nucleus from adult body cell (diploid nucleus)
- ) insert diploid nucleus into empty egg cell
- ) can stimulate buy electric shock
- ) put into adult female
What does mitosis make new cells for?
Growth and repair
Describe the cells which mitosis produces
Two identical diploid cells
What type of reproduction is mitosis?
Asexual
How many pairs of chromosomes does a human cell have?
23
Describe the cells which meiosis produces?
Four haploid gametes
Describe how a Pooter works for collecting ground insects..
A jar with two tubes.
Suck up bugs.
Make sure you spend the same time in the sample areas and the sample areas are of the same size.
Pitfall traps collect ground insects,how?
Container in the ground and the insects will fall in.
How do you collect insects in long grass?
Sweep nets
How do you collect animals in ponds?
Pond nets
How do you work out a population size?
- ) work out the mean number of organisms per metre squared
- ) multiply the mean by the total area
- ) this will equal the total population size
How do you test temperature in the environment?
Thermometer
How do you measure light intensity in the environment?
A light sensor
How do you measure the soil PH in the environment?
Indicator liquid
