Explanation of Phobias Flashcards
Who had the idea of the two-process model?
Mowrer (1960)
What is the two-process model?
The argument that phobias are learnt by classical conditioning then maintained by operant conditioning
How does classical conditioning work?
UCS triggers a fear response (which is a UCR). NS is associated with the UCS. NS becomes a CS producing fear (Which is now a CR)
Who conducted the little Albert experiment?
Watson and Rayner (1920)
What was the little Albert experiment?
When Albert played with a rat a loud noise was made behind him. The noise (UCS) caused a fear response (UCR). Rats (NS) didn’t cause fear until the bang and the rat had been paired together several times. After the experiment, Albert showed a fear response (CR) when he came into contact with a rat (CS)
What is generalisation of fear to other stimuli?
When there is a fear response to other stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. For example, Albert feared Santa Clause’s white beard.
How does operant conditioning take place?
When behaviour is reinforced or punished
What is Negative reinforcement?
When an individual avoids something unpleasant, therefore escaping the anxiety that they would have experienced. This negatively reinforces the avoidance behaviour thus maintaining the phobia. (rather than confronting it)
Strength of the two-process model. (treatment)
It identifies a means of treating phobias, as it explains why exposure therapies are beneficial.
limitation of the two-process model
explains behaviour but does not acknowledge cognitive aspects. This means it does not fully explain the symptoms of phobias.
Strength of the two-process model (trauma)
De Jongh et al (2006) found that 73% of dental phobics had experienced a trauma mostly involving dentistry.
Limitation of two-process model (trauma)
Not all phobias follow a bad experience. Snake phobias occur in populations where very few people have any experience of a snake.
