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experiments and DNA replication Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleotide

A

nucleoside: nitrogenous base and pentose sugar
+ 1 or more phosphate group
- covalent bods between -OH group and 3’ end and the phosphate on the 5’carbon end of next

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2
Q

DNA

A
  • double helix
  • antiparallel (opposite 5’->3’ directions)
  • thymine
  • sugar phosphate backbone
  • deoxyribose
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3
Q

genomics

A

approach used to analyze large sets of genes or compare the genomes of different species

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4
Q

proteomics

A

analysis of large sets of proteins or compare the proteins

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5
Q

Griffith experiment

A
  • 2 strand of bacteria: one pathogenic and one harmless
  • when he mixed heat-killed remains of the pathogenic train with living cells of the harmless strain, some living cells became pathogenic
  • transformation: a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA
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6
Q

Hershey and Chase experiment

A

DNA is genetic material not proteins
- Sulfer 35 and Phosphorus 32
- DNA contains phosphorous, protein does not
- S35 found in supernatant, P32 found in pellet

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7
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A
  1. the base composition of DNA varies between species
  2. any species has equal percentage amounts of A and T as G and C
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8
Q

Wilkins and Franklin

A

X-ray crystallography
- photo of DNA and helped Watson and Crick with their discovery

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9
Q

Watson and Crick experiment

A

DNA antiparallel helix
- x-ray enabled them to see spacing of nitrogenous bases and width of helix
- Purine (A,G) + Pyrimidine (T,C) for base pairing
- A and T pair, G and C pair

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10
Q

DNA replication: definiton

A

parent molecule unwinds, and two new daughter strands are synthesized based on base-pairing rules
- semiconservative model: one new strand and one old one

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10
Q

conservative model and dispersive model

A

conservative: 2 parent strands rejoin
dispersive: each strand is a mix of old and new

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11
Q

Origin of replication

A

replication begins here, where two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication “bubble”

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11
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A

disproved conservative theory
- N15(heavy N) and N14 (light N)
- centrifuge
- 2 hybrid, and 2 N14 (light)
- No purely heavy

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11
Q

replication fork

A

a Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound

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12
Q

topoisomerase

A

relieves the coils of DNA

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12
Q

initiation of DNA replication steps

A

topoisomerase -> helices -> single strand binding proteins -> primate -> RNA primer

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13
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA

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14
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

elongates the DNA from the primer

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14
Q

Helicase

A

creates the replication bubble

14
Q

primer

A

initial nucleotide strand short RNA and starts at 3’ end

15
Q

DNA polymerase

A

cannot initiate synthesis of a polynucleotide; they can only add nucleotides - catalyzes elongation of new DNA at replication fork
- requires a primer
- proofreads newly made DNA, and corrects it

16
Q

Primase

A

An enzyme that starts a. RNA chain with a single RNA nucleotide and adds using parental DNA as template

17
Q

dATP

A

is used to make DNA, dATP = deoxyribose, ATP = ribose

18
Q

As each monomer nucleotide joins the DNA strand it loses…

A

2 phosphate group as a molecule of pyrophosphate

19
Q

A new DNA strand can elongate only in the…

A

5’ to 3’ direction

20
Q

Synthesis of leading stand

A
  • continuous
  • towards replication fork
  • DNA Pol III
21
Q

Synthesis of lagging strand

A
  • Okazaki fragments
  • away from replication fork
22
Q

lagging strand steps

A

primate -> primer -> DNA Pol III -> Okazaki fragments -> DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers and replaces the RNA nucleotides with DNA -> DNA ligase seals the gaps

23
Q

mismatch repair

A

other enzymes correct errors in base pairing

24
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA
- DNA polymerase corrects it and DNA ligase seals it

25
Q

bacterial chromosome

A

a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule associated with a small amount of protein
- bacterial DNA is supercoiled and found in a region of the nucleoid

26
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes

A

linear DNA molecules associated with a large amount of protein

27
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and protein, in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
- multilevel system of packing

28
Q

histones

A

proteins responsible for DNA packing in chromatin
- H2A, H2B, H3, H4

29
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA wound twice around a protein core of 8 histones, 2 of each of the types

30
Q

DNA packing levels

A

DNA < histones < nucleosome < 30nm fiber < looped domain < scaffold < 300nm fiber < chromatid < chromosome

31
Q

heterochromatin and euchromatin

A

hetero: condensed chromatin
euchro: dispersed, less compacted chromatin

32
Q

nucleic acid hybridization

A

the base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to another complementary strand

33
Q

DNA cloning

A

production of multiple copies of a single gene

33
Q

genetic engineering

A

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purpose

34
Q

cloning vector

A

the plasmid that carries the cloned DNA

35
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called restriction sites
- create restriction fragments
- fragment form different DNA molecule replaces, DNA ligase seals

36
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

can use to see the fragments produced

37
Q

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

can produce many copes of a specific target segment of DNA
- 3 step cycle: denaturation, annealing, extension
- heat stable DNA polymerase called Taw polymerase

38
Q

PCR primers are synthesized to include a restriction site that…

A

matches the site in the cloning vector
- are cut and ligated together

bio (10 decks)

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