bonds and macromolecules Flashcards
element
a substance that cannot be broken down to there substances by chemical reactions
compound
a substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
essential elements
oxygen > carbon > hydrogen > nitrogen
atomic number, mass number and atomic mass
atomic number: number of protons
mass number: protons + neutrons
atomic mass: atom’s total mass
isotopes
atomic forms of an element that differ in number of neutrons - radioactive decay spontaneously
outer most electron shell =
valence electrons
- determines chemical behavior
- unreactive when complete
covalent bond
sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
- molecule
non polar and polar
non polar: electrons share equally
polar: one atom is more electronegative than the other
- partial pos and neg
ions
after a transfer of electrons, both atoms have charges called
weak chemical bonds
ionic, hydrogen and Van der Waals
hydrogen bond
forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
Van der Waals interactions
occur when atoms and molecules are close together, strong when collective - geckskin
molecule shape
key to its function - structure determines function
water
- molecules polar
four properties - cohesive behavior
- ability to moderate temp
- expansion upon freezing
- versatility as a solvent
why does Ice float?
solid water has hydrogen bonds that are more stable, liquid water has bonds that break and reform
four ways carbon skeletons vary
length, double bond position, branding and presence of rings
functional groups
chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions
chemical groups
Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate and methyl
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
energy currency go cell
- organic molecule (adenosine) + string of three phosphate groups
- stores the potential to react with water, releasing energy that can be used by the cell
dehydration reaction
occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule (synthesis)
hydrolysis
gains water molecule, polymer separates (breakdown)
carbohydrates
- sugars (polysaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides)
- storage polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin)
- glucose
- glycosidic linkages
starch
a carbohydrate/ a storage polysaccharide
- in plants
- glucose monomers
- can hydrolyze
glycogen
a carbohydrate/ a storage polysaccharide
- in animals
- stored in liver and muscle cells
cellulose
a carbohydrate/ a storage polysaccharide
- cell wall in plants
- different glycosidic links
- had to hydrolyze
chitin
a carbohydrate/ a storage polysaccharide
- cell wall support
- exoskeleton
Lipids
Not true polymers, hydrophobic cause made of hydrocarbons
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- steroids
triglycerides (fats)
made of glycerol (3-C with a hydroxyl group) and fatty acids ( C skeleton attached to carboxyl group)
- saturated and unsaturated fats
saturated fats
straight, single bonds, solid
unsaturated fats
bent, double bonds, liquid
phospholipids
amphipathic, bilayer (hydrophilic head on exterior and hydrophobic tails on interior)
steroids
carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
- cholesterol and sex hormones
proteins
one or more polypeptides (polymer of amino acids)
- linked by peptide bonds
- amino end (N- terminus) and carboxyl end (C-terminus)
- amino acids
- small protein: insulin
- primary, secondary, tertiary, etc…
- consists of 1 or more polypeptides twisted, folded and coiled into a unique shape
- X-ray crystallography
amino acid
carbon + carboxyl group + amino group + Hydrogen + side chains (R groups)
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
primary: unique sequence of amino acids
secondary: coils and folds in a chain
tertiary: interactions of R groups
quaternary: interactions between multiple polypeptide chains
sickle cell disease
blood disorder, single amino acid substitution
denaturation of proteins
happens with change in PH, salt concentration, temperature and other environmental factors
gene
Amino acid sequence programmed by a unit of inheritance called a
nucleic acids
store, transmit and help express hereditary information
- DNA and RNA
- nucleotides/ nucleic acid
sequence of DNA to protein
DNA -> RNA -> mRNA -> protein
what does the amino acid sequence determine?
The 3D structure which determines the function
Types of proteins
Enzymatic, Defensive, Storage, Transport, Hormonal, Receptor, Motor and Structural
