bonds and macromolecules

Question 1

element

Answer 1

a substance that cannot be broken down to there substances by chemical reactions

Question 2

compound

Answer 2

a substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

Question 3

essential elements

Answer 3

oxygen > carbon > hydrogen > nitrogen

Question 4

atomic number, mass number and atomic mass

Answer 4

atomic number: number of protons
mass number: protons + neutrons
atomic mass: atom’s total mass

Question 5

isotopes

Answer 5

atomic forms of an element that differ in number of neutrons - radioactive decay spontaneously

Question 6

outer most electron shell =

Answer 6

valence electrons
- determines chemical behavior
- unreactive when complete

Question 7

covalent bond

Answer 7

sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
- molecule

Question 8

non polar and polar

Answer 8

non polar: electrons share equally
polar: one atom is more electronegative than the other
- partial pos and neg

Question 9

ions

Answer 9

after a transfer of electrons, both atoms have charges called

Question 10

weak chemical bonds

Answer 10

ionic, hydrogen and Van der Waals

Question 11

hydrogen bond

Answer 11

forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

Question 12

Van der Waals interactions

Answer 12

occur when atoms and molecules are close together, strong when collective - geckskin

Question 13

molecule shape

Answer 13

key to its function - structure determines function

Question 14

water

Answer 14

• molecules polar
  four properties
• cohesive behavior
• ability to moderate temp
• expansion upon freezing
• versatility as a solvent

Question 15

why does Ice float?

Answer 15

solid water has hydrogen bonds that are more stable, liquid water has bonds that break and reform

Question 16

four ways carbon skeletons vary

Answer 16

length, double bond position, branding and presence of rings

Question 17

functional groups

Answer 17

chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

Question 18

chemical groups

Answer 18

Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate and methyl

Question 19

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 19

energy currency go cell
- organic molecule (adenosine) + string of three phosphate groups
- stores the potential to react with water, releasing energy that can be used by the cell

Question 20

dehydration reaction

Answer 20

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule (synthesis)

Question 21

hydrolysis

Answer 21

gains water molecule, polymer separates (breakdown)

Question 22

carbohydrates

Answer 22

• sugars (polysaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides)
• storage polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin)
• glucose
• glycosidic linkages

Question 23

starch

Answer 23

a carbohydrate/ a storage polysaccharide
- in plants
- glucose monomers
- can hydrolyze

Question 24

glycogen

Answer 24

a carbohydrate/ a storage polysaccharide
- in animals
- stored in liver and muscle cells

Question 25

cellulose

Answer 25

a carbohydrate/ a storage polysaccharide
- cell wall in plants
- different glycosidic links
- had to hydrolyze

Question 26

chitin

Answer 26

a carbohydrate/ a storage polysaccharide
- cell wall support
- exoskeleton

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

Not true polymers, hydrophobic cause made of hydrocarbons
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- steroids

Question 28

triglycerides (fats)

Answer 28

made of glycerol (3-C with a hydroxyl group) and fatty acids ( C skeleton attached to carboxyl group)
- saturated and unsaturated fats

Question 29

saturated fats

Answer 29

straight, single bonds, solid

Question 30

unsaturated fats

Answer 30

bent, double bonds, liquid

Question 31

phospholipids

Answer 31

amphipathic, bilayer (hydrophilic head on exterior and hydrophobic tails on interior)

Question 32

steroids

Answer 32

carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
- cholesterol and sex hormones

Question 33

proteins

Answer 33

one or more polypeptides (polymer of amino acids)
- linked by peptide bonds
- amino end (N- terminus) and carboxyl end (C-terminus)
- amino acids
- small protein: insulin
- primary, secondary, tertiary, etc…
- consists of 1 or more polypeptides twisted, folded and coiled into a unique shape
- X-ray crystallography

Question 34

amino acid

Answer 34

carbon + carboxyl group + amino group + Hydrogen + side chains (R groups)

Question 35

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Answer 35

primary: unique sequence of amino acids
secondary: coils and folds in a chain
tertiary: interactions of R groups
quaternary: interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

Question 36

sickle cell disease

Answer 36

blood disorder, single amino acid substitution

Question 37

denaturation of proteins

Answer 37

happens with change in PH, salt concentration, temperature and other environmental factors

Question 38

gene

Answer 38

Amino acid sequence programmed by a unit of inheritance called a

Question 39

nucleic acids

Answer 39

store, transmit and help express hereditary information
- DNA and RNA
- nucleotides/ nucleic acid

Question 40

sequence of DNA to protein

Answer 40

DNA -> RNA -> mRNA -> protein

Question 41

what does the amino acid sequence determine?

Answer 41

The 3D structure which determines the function

Question 42

Types of proteins

Answer 42

Enzymatic, Defensive, Storage, Transport, Hormonal, Receptor, Motor and Structural