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Psychology (Y1) > Experiments > Flashcards

Experiments Flashcards

Research Methods

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1
Q

Define independent variable.

A

The variable that the researcher wants to change to see what effect it has on something else.

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2
Q

Define dependent variable.

A

The variable that is going to be measured and affected by the independent variable.

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3
Q

Define extraneous variables.

A

A factor that may influence the results so it’s controlled to minimise it’s effect.

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4
Q

Define confounding variables.

A

A variable that you cannot control that could affect the results.

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5
Q

Define laboratory experiment.

A

When the independent variable has been manipulated and the experiment is conducted in a controlled/ artificial environment, and the dependent variable is measured.

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6
Q

What are the strengths of a laboratory experiment?

A
  • High internal validity
  • High levels of reliability because you can repeat the study to check for consistencies.
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7
Q

What does internal validity mean?

A

If the study is controlled, and if you can establish a cause and effect.

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8
Q

What does ecological validity mean?

A

When the study accurately represents a normal daily activity/ daily life.

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9
Q

What are the weaknesses of a laboratory experiment?

A
  • Low ecological validity because they are conducted in artificial environments.
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10
Q

Define field experiment.

A

When the independent variable has been manipulated, the experiment is in a natural environment, and the dependent variable is measured.

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11
Q

What are the strengths of a field experiment?

A
  • Have high levels of ecological validity.
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12
Q

What are the weaknesses of a field experiment?

A
  • Low levels of reliability because it is difficult to repeat.
  • Low internal validity.
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13
Q

Define quasi experiment.

A

When the independent variable is naturally occurring and has not been manipulated by the researcher.

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14
Q

What are the strengths of a quasi experiment?

A
  • Allows you to look at variables it would be impossible or unethical to investigate otherwise.
  • Can be carried out in a lab or natural environment.
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15
Q

What are the weaknesses of a quasi experiment?

A
  • Difficult to establish cause and effect because the independent variable was not manipulated.
  • Sampling bias could occur as the researcher does have control over who participates.
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16
Q

Define independent measures design.

A

When participants complete one condition in the experiment.

17
Q

What are the strengths of independent measures design.

A
  • No chance of order effects.
  • Less chance of demand characteristics.
18
Q

What are the weaknesses of independent measures design?

A
  • Individual differences.
  • Researcher needs more participants.
19
Q

Define order effects

A

When one condition or task affects the next condition or task in a study.

20
Q

Define repeated measures design.

A

When the participants complete all of the conditions of the experiment.

21
Q

What are the strengths of repeated measures design?

A
  • No individual differences.
  • Don’t need as many participants.
22
Q

What are the weaknesses of repeated measures design?

A
  • More chance of demand characteristics.
  • Higher risk of order effects.
23
Q

Define matched pairs design.

A

When participants only complete one condition but they are matched based on certain characteristics to others carrying out the other conditions (age, IQ, gender).

24
Q

What are the strengths of matched pairs design?

A
  • No order effects.
  • Individual differences are reduced.
  • Less chance of demand characteristics.
25
Q

What are the weaknesses of matched pairs design?

A
  • There are still individual differences despite them being reduced.
  • Researcher needs more participants.
26
Q

Define counter balancing.

A

Ways to solve order effects.

27
Q

Define hypothesis.

A

A scientific prediction of what you think is going to happen in the study/ experiment.

28
Q

Give the sentence you should use when making an alternate hypothesis.

A

There will be a significant relationship/ difference between ‘condition 1’ and ‘condition 2’ …

29
Q

Give the sentence you should use when making a null hypothesis.

A

There will be no significant relationship/ difference between ‘condition 1’ and ‘condition 2’…

30
Q

What is a one-tailed/ directional hypothesis?

A

These state the direction of the experiment/ what will happen.

31
Q

What is a two-tailed/ non-directional hypothesis?

A

These don’t specify the direction/ what will happen.

32
Q

Define operationalism.

A

Clearly defining what is meant by the independent and dependent variables and making them measurable.

Psychology (Y1) (9 decks)

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