Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Method Flashcards
_ connotes content and process.
Science
_ consists of the scientific techniques we use to collect and evaluate data
Methodology
_ are the facs we gather using scientific methods.
Data
Heider called nonscientific data gathering _.
Commonsense Psychology
_ uses nonscientific sources of data and nonscientific inference.
Commonsense Psychology
_ is the kind of everyday, nonscientific gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others.
Commonsense Psychology
As commonsense psychologists, the person’s ability to gather data in a systematic and impartial way is constrained by two factors _ and _.
- sources of psychological information
- our inferential streategies
The sources of psychological information, as commonsense psychologists, come from sources that seem _ and _. Examples are: _, _, and _.
Credible, trustworthy, friends, relatives, people with authority
_ is the nonscientific use of information to explain or predict behavior.
Nonscientific inference
In the _, people misuse data to estimate the probability of an event, like when a slot machine will pay off.
Gambler’s Fallacy
When we _ to explain others’ behavior, we often make an unwarranted dispositional attribution and underuse situational information.
overuse trait explanations
In _, we falsely assume that specific behaviors cluster together as we ignore individual differences.
Stereotyping
In _, we feel more confident about our conclusions that is warranted by available data. This form of nonscientific inference can result in erroneous conclusions when we don’t recognize the limitations of supporting data.
Overconfidence Bias
There are seven characteristics of Modern Science: _, _, _, _, _, _, and _.
- Having a scientific mentality
- Gathering Empirical Data
- Seeking General Principles
- Good thinking
- Self-correction
- Publicizing Results
- Replication
Alfred North Whitehead’s _ assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be predicted.
Scientific Mentality
_ is essential to science. There is no point to using the scientific method to gather and analyze data if these is no implicit order.
Scientific Mentality
The _ is applied when we believe that the causes of human behavior can be researched.
Principle of Determinism
Data are _ when observed or experienced preferable in a systematic and orderly way.
Empirical
Galileo’s _ approach was superior to Aristotle’s _ method.
empirical;
commonsense
A _ consists of statements generally expressed as equations with few variables that have overwhelming empirical support.
law
A _ is an interim explanation; a set of related statements used explain and predict phenomena.
Theory
_ integrates diverse data, explain behavior, and predict new instances of behavior.
Theories
_ is critical to scientific method for as we engage with it, data collection and interpretation become systematic, objective and rational.
Good thinking
_ emphasizes to the basic premise that entities should not be multiplied without necessity.
Occam’s Razor
The principle of _ is that we prefer the simplest useful explanation.
parsimony
Modern scientists accept the uncertainty of their own conclusions.
Changes in scientific explanations and theories are an extremely important part of scientific progress
Got it.
The number of scientific papers published each year in scientific journals is growing, and new journals are constantly being added in specialized disciplines. This continuous exchange of information is _to the scientific process.
vital
We should be able to repeat our procedures and get the same results again if we have gathered data objectively and if we have followed good thinking
Replication
There are four main objectives of research conducted in Psychology: _, _, _, and _.
Description, Prediction, Explanation, Control
In objectives of research in psychology, _ is being described in the statement:
In psychological science, we are referring to a systematic and unbiased account of the observed characteristics of behaviors.
Description
In objectives of research in psychology, _ allow us greater knowledge of behaviors because they provide us with the information about what the behavior will be like.
Good description
In objectives of research in psychology, _ refers to the capacity for knowing in advance when certain behaviors would be expected to occur - to be able to predict them ahead of time - because we have identified other conditions with which the behaviors are linked or associated.
Prediction
In objectives of research in psychology, _ allows us to understand what causes behavior to occur. It includes knowledge of the conditions that reliably reproduce the occurrence of a behavior.
Explanation
In objectives of research in psychology, _ refers to the application of what has been learned about behavior.
Control
In objectives of research in psychology, _ is rarely the intent of experimentation, but some research is conducted with the intent of producing behavioral change along with increasing knowledge.
Control
_ is research that is design to solve real-world problems.
Applied Research
_ is research designed to test theories or to explain psychological phenomena in humans and animals.
Basic Research
There are three main tools of scientific method: _, _, and _.
Observation, Measurement, Experiment
In the tools of scientific method, _ is the systematic noting and recording of events.
Observation
In the tools of scientific method, _ is being described: We can only make a scientific study of events that are observable. To make scientific study of internal process like feeling and thinking, we must be able to define those events in terms of observable signs.
Observation
In the tools of scientific method, _ is quantifying an event or behavior according to generally accepted rules.
Measurement
In the tools of scientific method, we try to measure in _ so that our measurements will be meaningful. We try to keep our measurements _.
Standardized units; consistent
In the tools of scientific method, _ is a process undertaken to demonstrate that already observed events will occur consistently under a particular set of conditions.
Experimentation
In the tools of scientific method, to conduct an experiment, the _ must be testable, _ must be available to test it, and it must be _ to do so.
hypothesis; procedures; ethical
_ are the circumstances that come before the event or behavior taht we want to explain.
Antecedent Condition
_ is a specific set of antecedent conditions created by the experimenter and presented o subjects to test its effect on behavior.
Treatment Condition
_ is a controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditionsare applied to subjects.
Psychology Experiment
In _, the subjects’ behaviors are measured and compared to test a hypothesis about the effects of those treatments on behavior.
Psychology Experiment
An experiment requires that we create _ and _ subjects to these conditions.
at least two treatment conditions;
randomly assign
In psychology experiments, we control _ so that we can measure what we intend to measure.
Extraneous Variables
An experiment attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the antecedent conditions known as the _, and subject behavior or _.
independent variable;
dependent variable
Experiments establish a _ because causes must precede effects. However, not all prior events are causes.
temporal relationship
A _ is any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific, but has no true scientific bases and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.
pseudoscience
Modern _ include past life regression, reparenting, and rebirthing.
pseudosciences
