Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-experimental Designs Flashcards
_ are used to predict one set of behavior from other.s
Correlational Designs
_ are used to establish relationships among preexisting behaviors.
Correlational Designs
_ show relationships between sets of antecedent conditions and behavioral effects.
Correlational Designs
_ are preexisting - not manipulated or controlled.
Antecedent
_ often seem like real experiments but lack essential elements such as manipulation of antecedent or random assignment.
Quasi-experimental design
The prefix quasi is _ meaning, _.
Latin; seeming like
In _, instead of assigning subjects to different treatment conditions at random, subject are selected for the different conditions of the study on the basis of preexisting conditions.
Quasi-experimental design
_ and _ tend to be higher in external validity or generalizability.
Correlational designs; quasi-experimental designs
Correlational designs include: _, _, and _.
Correlation; Linear Regression Analysis; Multiple Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis;
_ is designed to determine the correlation.
Correlational Study
_ studies the degree of relationship between two traits, behaviors or events.
Correlational Study
_ is any observable behavior, characteristic, or event that can vary or have different values.
Variable
Selected traits or behaviors of interest are messured first.
Got it.
Degree of relationship or correlation between the numbers determined through _.
Statistical Procedures
Once the corelation is known, it can be used to make _.
Predictions
In correlations, _ measures relationship between pairs of scores from each subject.
Simple Correlations
In correlations, _ is the most commonly used procedure for calculatingsimple corelations.
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)
Correlation has 3 general outcomes: _, _, and _.
Positive relationship, negative relationship and no relationship.
_ happens when one variable increases, so does the other variable.
Positive correlation
_ happens when one variable increases, the other varibale decreases.
Negative correlation
_ happens when there is no relationship between the two variables.
No correlation
Values of a correlation coefficient range between _ and _.
-1.00, +1.00
_ are visual representations of the scores.
Scatterplots
Lines drawn on the scatterplots are called _ or _.
Regression Lines, Lines of best fit
_ illustrate the mathematical equation that best describes the linear relationship between the two mesaured scores.
Correlation
r=+1.00 us a _.
perfect positive correlation
_ is when we can predict complete accuracy.
Perfect positive correlation
_ graphs happen when an inverted u is plotted on a scatter plot.
Curvilenear
_ are affected by _or artificial restrictions.
range truncation
The stronger the correlation, the better the _.
Prediction
_ is the next step up after correlation.
Linear regression
_ is used when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the vale of another variable.
Linear Regression Analysis
The _ is the variable we want to predict.
Dependent Variable
The _ is the variable e are using to predict the other variable’s value.
Independent Variable
_ is used to test the relationship of several predictor variables with a criterion variable.
Multiple Correlation (R)
_ is used to look for relationship between variables
Correlational Studies
_ is used to compare different groups of subjects looking for differences or changes over time in the same group of subjects.
Quasi-experiments
Researchers form quasi-experiment groups based on _, _ or _ whose influence we want to investigate.
event, characteristic, behavior
Quasi-experimental Designs include: _, _, _, _ and _.
Ex Post Facto Studies,
Nonequivalent Groups Design,
Longitudinal Design,
Cross-Sectional Studies,
Pre-test/Posttest Design
Quasi-experiments are low in _ because researchers can never know for certain what causes the effects they observe.
Internal Validity
In quasi-experiments, _ is not posible.
Random Assignment
The difference between experiment and quasi-experiments is the _ the researcher has over the subjects who receive treatments.
amount of control
In quasi-experimental designs, _ is a study in which the researcher systematically examines the effects of subject characteristics but without actually manipulating them.
Ex Post Facto Studies
In _, researchers form treatment groups by selecting subjects on the basis of differences that already exist.
Ex Post Facto Studies
In _, researchers capitalize on changes in the antecedent conditions that occurred before the study.
Ex Post Facto Studies
Ex post facto means _.
after the fact
In ex post facto, the antecedent has _ by the experimenter.
not been manipulated
In _, researcher compares the effects of different treatment conditions on preexisting groups of participants.
Non-equivalent group design
In _, the researcher chooses existing groups that appear similar, but where only one of the groups experiences the treatment.
Non-equivalent group design
The internal validity of nonequivalent group design is _.
Low
There are methods to increase internal validity in non-equivalent group design:
- Consider whether other influences might affect results.
- Measure levels of variable before the study to rule our prior measurements levels
- Equivalent on other plausible alternative causes for the results-improved the study’s internal validity
_ measure behaviors of the same subjects at different points in time and look how things have changed.
Longitudinal Design
_ defines the influence of time on behaviors rather than how different behaviors are related (named as _).
Longitudinal Design, Cross-lagged panel design
_ in research is concerned with development and growth.
Longitudinal Design
_ takes time over periods of months, years, or even decades.
Longitudinal Design
_ is difficult to conduct because the same sample must be tracked for a long time.
Longitudinal Design
In _, subjects who are already at different stages are compared at a single point in time.
Cross-sectional Studies
_ is being shown in this example. Example: Groups of families who were already at each of the 5 different stages Compare the amount of “regressive” behavior among firstborns in the 5 different groups to see whether it differed
Cross-sectional Studies
_ is a tradeoff which require more subjects and where people in different groups might differ in other characteristics that could influence the behaviors you want to investigate.
Cross-sectional Studies
_ assesses whether the occurrence of an event increases or decreases the existing level of a person’s behavior.
Pretest-Posttest Design
_ assesses the effects of naturally occurring events.
Pretest-Posttest Design
In _, a test is being administered to administered before and after the event and compare the levels.
Pretest-Posttest Design
_ is used in the laboratory to measure the effect of a treatment presented to subjects by researchers.
Pretest-Posttest Design
Pretest-Posttest Design is _ in internal validity because _.
low,
There are many other influences that might improve or decrease the unit of the variable being measured.
In Pretest-Posttest Design, _, also called), states that examiners do better the second time they take an intelligence test.
Practice effects, pretest sensitization
Practice effects occur because examiners _, _, and _.
are less anxious;
learned new information that improves heir scores;
know possible the answers on the pretest
To achieve maximum control over outside influences in Pretest-Posstest Design, you would need _.
a number of comparison groups
The comparison groups in Pretest-Posttest Design is manifested in _, where _, _, _, and _, are present.
Solomon Four Group Design,;
1. A treatment group with both pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements (a.k.a. pretest and posttest)
2. A control group with both pretest and posttest measurements
3. A treatment group with only a posttest measurement
4. A control group with only a posttest measurement
_ is a type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over.
Double Blind Experiment
Summary of quasi-experimental design:
_ investigates differences in preexisting groups of subjects group differences on some variable may be explored or difference treatments given to preexisting groups ay be compared.
_ explores characteristics, behaviors, or effects of naturally occurring events in preexisting groups of subjects.
_ compares the effects of different treatment conditions on preexisting groups of subjects.
_ investigates changes across time by measuring behavior of same group of subjects at different points in time.
_ investigates changes across time by comparing groups of subjects already at different stages at a single point in time.
_ explores the effects of an event (or treatment) by comparing behavior before and after the event (or treatment).
Quasi-Experiment;
Ex Post Facto;
Non-equivalent groups design
Longitudinal;
Cross-sectional design;
Pretest-posttest design
