experimental methods and sampling

Question 2

what’s an aim

Answer 2

• general statement of what researcher wants to investigate

Question 3

what is an independent variable

Answer 3

changing something to see affect on dv

Question 4

what is a hypotheses

Answer 4

precise statement which states the relationship between variables being investigated

hypothesis can be either directional or non directional

directional - shows the direction of relationship that will be shown in variables

non directional - doesn’t do that

Question 5

what is a dependent variable

Answer 5

aspect of study thats measured by researcher, has been caused by a change to the IV

Question 6

what are the 4 types of experiments

Answer 6

field, lab, quasi, natural

Question 7

what is an extraneous variable

Answer 7

any variable other than the IV that may have an effect on the DV if not controlled

Question 8

what is a confounding variable

Answer 8

uncontrolled extraneous variables that negatively affect the results

Question 9

what is a demand characteristic

Answer 9

any cue the researcher or the situation may give which makes the participant feel like they can guess the aim of the investigation,

may lead to P changing their behaviour positively or negatively

Question 10

what is randomisation

Answer 10

use of chance in order to control for the effects of bias

Question 11

what is standardisation

Answer 11

using exactly the same procedures and instruction for all participants in an experiment

Question 12

lab experiment.

Answer 12

• conducted in highly controlled environment
• allow researcher to manipulate one variable (iv) to see effects on another variable (dv)

Question 13

strength of lab experiment

Answer 13

• replication
  researchers can repeat experiments and check result

Question 14

weakness of lab experiment

Answer 14

-low ecological validity -
high control. = situation artificial , not like real life

Question 15

field expiemernt

Answer 15

• occur in real world settings
• iv manipulated + any other variable as possible are controlled

Question 16

strength of field experiment

Answer 16

• high ecological validity
  more natural behaviours = high yk my ting

Question 17

weakness of field experiment

Answer 17

• ethical considerations
  invasion of privacy, likely to have been no informed consent

-loss of control
over extraneous variables, precise replication not possible

Question 18

natural experiment

Answer 18

• researcher takes advtange of pre existing naturally changing iv

Question 19

strength of natural experiment

Answer 19

• high external validity
  as you are dealing with real life issues
• provides opportunities
  for research that would’ve been impossible to do due to ethical/practical reasons

Question 20

weakness of natural experiment

Answer 20

• natural occurring events
  may be rare this means experiments not likely to be replicable meaning harder to generalise results

Question 21

quasi experiment

Answer 21

-iv is based on existing difference between people (e.g age or gender)
- p can’t be randomly assigned

Question 22

strength of quasi experiment

Answer 22

-controlled conditions
= replicable, and likely to have high internal validity

Question 23

weakness of quasi experiment

Answer 23

• can’t randomly allocate p
  may be confounding variables =. makes it harder to conclude that IV was caused by DV

Question 24

null hypothesis

Answer 24

says there will be no difference between conditions, and that any difference is due to chance

Question 25

independent group design

Answer 25

two separate groups experience two separate conditions of an experiment

Question 26

repeated measures design

Answer 26

all participants experience both conditions of an experiment

Question 27

matched pairs design

Answer 27

participants are paired together on a variable relevent to the experiment