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PSY1206 > Experimental Control > Flashcards

Experimental Control Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of between-participants designs?

A
  • participants are assigned to one condition only
  • comparison between different groups
  • also known as independent measures/non-repeated measures
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2
Q

When is between-participants design used?

A
  • when IV is an individual differences variable

- when experience gained from participating in one condition makes it impossible to participate in another

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3
Q

Advantages of between-participants design?

A
  • each participant is fresh and naive to the hypothesis

- maintains validity

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4
Q

Disadvantages of between-participants design?

A
  • more participants need to be recruited

- may be unexpected differences between groups of participants

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5
Q

Ways to create equivalent groups?

A
  • random assignment

- matching procedure (followed by random assignment)

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6
Q

What is random assignment?

A
  • every participant has equal chance of being placed in any of the conditions
  • objective is to spread individual differences evenly
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7
Q

What is blocked random assignment?

A
  • equal chance of being placed in any condition
  • ensures each condition has participant before any other condition is repeated
  • makes sure one group doesn’t have all of a certain type of person in it
  • labels participants with which version of the problematic characteristic they are
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8
Q

What is matching procedure?

A
  • get scores for each person on the matching variable
  • arrange scores in ascending order
  • create pairs of scores where each has adjacent scores (e.g. highest one goes with the lowest one till all are paired)
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9
Q

What conditions are needed for matching procedures?

A
  • need reason to believe matching variable will have predictable effect on DV
  • must be logical,accurate way of measuring the matching variable
  • look at existing literature to identify those variables
  • take into account whether it’s practical to use the procedure
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10
Q

Definition of within-participants design?

A
  • participants take part in 2 or more conditions
  • comparison within the same group
  • also known as repeated measures/within-subjects
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11
Q

When is within-participants design used?

A
  • when conditions require brief time to test but extensive preparation
  • when population of interest is small
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12
Q

Advantages of within-participants design?

A
  • more data from each participant
  • can recruit fewer
  • reduced error variance
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13
Q

Disadvantages of within-participants design?

A
  • threats to internal validity

- order effects

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14
Q

What are order effects?

A
  • practice effect
  • fatigue effect
  • carryover effect
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15
Q

Definition of practice effect?

A

-performance on later trials is improved due to practice

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16
Q

Definition of fatigue effect?

A
  • performance on later trials is reduced due to fatigue

- physical or psychological

17
Q

Definition of carryover effect?

A

-one sequence of conditions produces different results than another sequence

18
Q

How can you control order effects?

A

-the use of counterbalancing

19
Q

Definition of counterbalancing?

A

-using more than one sequence of conditions

20
Q

Definition of complete counterbalancing?

A

-every possible sequence is used at least once

21
Q

Definition of partial counterbalancing?

A

-using subset of total number of sequences

22
Q

Definition of experimenter bias?

A

-experimenter is aware of how each group of participants is being treated, which conditions they belong to

23
Q

How to reduce experimenter bias?

A
  • automate procedure

- double-blind procedure

24
Q

Definition of automate procedure?

A

-systematically every participant is then treated the same way

25
Q

Definition of double-blind procedure?

A

-neither the experimenter or the participant knows which condition is being tested

26
Q

What are the different types of participant bias?

A
  • hawthorne effect
  • demand characteristics
  • evaluation apprehension
  • acquiescence effect
27
Q

Definition of hawthorne effect?

A

-participants change their behaviour because they know they’re being studied

28
Q

Definition of demand characteristics?

A
  • if participant guesses the hypothesis they may try to confirm it
  • alter behaviour so it fits with hypothesis
29
Q

Definition of evaluation apprehension?

A

-participants are aware they’re being observed and that can change their behaviour

30
Q

Definition of acquiescence effect?

A

-participants decide to give experiments what they expect to see in their behaviour

31
Q

How to reduce participant bias?

A
  • deception

- placebo

32
Q

Definition of deception?

A

-keeping participants naive to purpose of the study

33
Q

Definition of placebo?

A

-condition where participants believe they’re getting a treatment but they aren’t

PSY1206 (8 decks)

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