Experiment 10 Flashcards
It is a filtrate from the blood and serves as a medium for excretion of water, salts, acids, bases, waste products of metabolism, and other materials
Urine
It helps in the maintenance of water balance, acid-base equilibrium and serves as important factor in the detoxification of the body
Urine
For majority of urine examinations, the ____ is the most suitable
first early morning urine
It is recommended the urine collection is preceded by at least ____ of lying position
eight hours
The early morning urine is more ____ and ____ compared to the later samples, and suitable especially for chemical examination
more concentrated and acidic
The urine taken later during the day is more affected by ____ , ____ and ____
liquid intake, food and physical activity
Urine is typically obtained by a ____ micturition
spontaneous
The actual urine collection is to be performed after thorough washing and wiping of the external _____
urethral orifice
A perfectly clean, dry, and capped ___ should be used; in particular, it must be free from ____ and ____ that distort chemical analyses
vessel ; detergents and disinfectants
The ___ flow of urine is best for analysis. The initial flow is always ____ with cells and bacteria from around the external urethral orifice. Therefore, the patient should ____ the first flow or urine into closet, and pick up the following portion of urine into the collection vessel
middle ; contaminated ; dispose
In women, the examination of urine is avoided shortly before, and shortly after the _____
menstruation
The normal urine is usually light yellow to ____ . Generally, the ______ the solute volume the _____ the color.
The yellow color of urine is due to the presence of a yellow pigment, _______.
Deviations from normal colors can be caused by certain ___ and _______ .
COLOR
amber ; greater ; deeper
urochrome
drugs ; pigments
Normal urine is slightly ______ , characteristic smell of freshly ____ .
Urine becomes more _______ upon standing due to bacterial activity.
ODOR
aromatic ; voided urine
ammonia-like
Normal urine is _____ or ____ and becomes cloudy upon standing.
Cloudy urine may be evidence of _____ , _____ , _____ , ____ , _____ , or _____. (PUMBEL)
TURBIDITY
transparent ; clear
phosphates, urates, mucus, bacteria, epithelial cells, or leukocytes
Normal pH ranges from ____ . High protein diets increase ______ .
Vegetarian diets and bacterial infections increase ______ .
PH
4.5-8.0 ; acidity
alkalinity
A normal waste product that the body produces every day during muscle movements and when digesting meat
Creatinine
Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the _____ , and it leaves the body in urine. High levels of creatinine in the urine can indicate _____ , _____ , or problems with the ______ .
Low creatinine levels may indicate a person has chronic ______ , reduced ______ , or _____.
blood ; diabetes ; high muscle tone ; kidneys
kidney disease ; kidney function ; malnutrition
TEST FOR NORMAL CONTITUENTS
WEYL’s TEST (CREATININE)
- Mix 5 ml of ____ with 3 drops of sodium ________ solution. Make solution BASIC with diluted ______ solution.
- Formation of _____
- Add _____ until color formed turns _____ . This indicates the presence of _____
- urine ; nitroprusside solution ; NAOH
- ruby red color
- acetic acid ; creatinine
TEST FOR NORMAL CONTITUENTS
Jaffe’s TEST (CREATININE)
- Mix 5 ml of ____ and add an aqueous _____ solution. Make solution BASIC with _____ diluted ____ solution
- Formation of _____
- urine ; picric acid ; diluted NAOH
- red color
TEST FOR NORMAL CONTITUENTS
Sulfates (CREATININE)
- Mix 5 ml of ____ with 5 drops of glacial ______
and 3 drops of _____ solution
- formation of ____ of BaSO4
- urine ; acetic acid ; BaCl2
- White PPT ; Barium Sulfate
TEST FOR NORMAL CONTITUENTS
Chlorides (CREATININE)
- 5 ml of ____ and add 2 drops of ____ and 2 drops of ____ solution
- Formation of _____ of AgCl
- urine ; HNO3 ; AgNO3
- White PPT ; Silver Chloride
TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS
- What test used
- Other name of Albumin
- Reagents Used
- (If turbidity dissolves, it is due to ___)
- Coagulation Test
- Albuminuria
- Diluted Acetic Acid
- phosphate
TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS
Other names (2) of Glucose
Benedict’s Test ; Glucosuria
TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS
Other names (2) of Blood
Benzedine Test ; Hematuria
TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS
Other names (2) of Bile
Gmelin’s Test ; Biliuria
TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS
Other names (2) of Ketone Bodies
Rothera’s Test ; Ketonuria
a pathological condition wherein the protein albumin is abnormally present in the urine.
Albuminuria
a major plasma protein (normally circulating in the blood); in healthy people, only trace amounts of it are present in urine, whereas larger amounts occur in the urine of patients with kidney disease.
Albumin
It is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream. It is nearly always caused by an elevated blood sugar level, most commonly due to untreated diabetes.
Glucosuria
It is defined as the presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine. ____ that enters and mixes with the urine can come from any location within the urinary system, including the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, and in men, the prostate.
Common causes of hematuria include urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, viral illness, trauma, bladder cancer, and exercise.
Hematuria ; Blood
It is an abnormality which refers to the presence of bile pigment in the urine. The most common cause of biliuria is HEPATOCELLULAR disease.
Biliuria
It is a medical condition in which ketone bodies are present in the urine. It is seen during starvation or more commonly in type___ diabetes mellitus. Production of ketone bodies is a normal response to a shortage of glucose, meant to provide an alternate source of fuel from fatty acids.
Ketonuria ; 1
