Expansionism Flashcards
How many people visited the Chicago Fair, in 1893, in 6 months?
27 million
Who were the main thinkers regarding frontiers in America and Russia?
Fredrick Jackson Turner and Klychevsky. They both shared similar ideas on frontiers- saw frontiers as dividing civilisation and wilderness/savagery. Saw expansion as implicitly as the destiny of their nations- this was in keeping with the imperialism of the time. They both saw conquered areas as empty
What characteristics did Turner believe that mobility Westward defined?
Evolution hunter, trader, rancher, intensive farmer, manufacturer, city dweller
War was a factor that motivated and caused expansion. Give examples.
Ivan I’s Great Livonia War (1557-1581) - the quest for funds, gives free reign in Siber. Crimean defeat (1853) convinces Russia to stop conflicting with the Ottomans and look East. War often dictated the direction of colonisation- Chinese decline in the 19th C meant Russia expands activity in Amur Basin which leads to conflict with Japan in 1904 and moved back to Siberia.
Mexican war is driven by US expansion into Texas, gained CA, NM, AZ.
How did Russia wage war against indigenous peoples?
Technology played a key role in winning e.g. mining, railroads, and hydrology. 1700-1762 extermination policies resulted in defeats and heavy expenses. War on Mongols.
How did America wage war against indigenous peoples
They were less ‘enlightened’ - cheated out of the land, treaties were broken. Forced onto reservations, re-educated children, removal of peoples forcibly. Deliberate extermination and accidental by transmission of diseases such as smallpox, influenza.
When were Native Americans recognised as citizens?
1924
How was the environment degraded?
Impacted the indigenous people’s way of life. In 1800 there were approximately 60 million buffalo, by 1890 there were only 750. Pollution, over-fishing, and mining.
Expansion was also driven by greed. Explore this.
There was a promise of valuable natural resources, e.g. iron, silver, and gold. This is evidenced by the multiple gold rushes
- 1849 Gold Rush
- The 1730s Kuznets
What was the Gulag system and how were they treated?
Exiles and gulags were sent to Siberia - they experienced terrible treatments e.g. starved, hypothermia, beatings. Exiles, ironically, civilised Siberia
What are the three types of frontier that Hugh Clark looks at?
- Expanding continental frontier
- Static continental frontier - e.g. Chinese great wall came in response to keep out the emerging challenge of the grasslands
- Maritime frontier - very clearly defined, oceans appear as limitless absolutes
As the River Yangzte was opened up, what happened to the percentage of people living in Northern regions?
It declined, relative to number living in the South. Natives of the Southern Frontier were overwhelmed by technology, to survive they had to become ‘wen’. As opposed to bu wen.
What does the term Eurasia refer to?
Coexistence between Russian colonists and indigenous peoples
What did the Church see migration as?
A means to anchor Christian belief abroad. However, 43% of Europeans that travelled to Argentina returned. 6.5 million pamphlets on Christianity were distributed, but most were illiterate peasants.
