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Anesthesia > Exotics Anesthesia > Flashcards

Exotics Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is important to understand about birds prior to restraint?

A

they are prey animals —> will have a fight or flight response and try to lunge, bite, or escape

  • observe, allow time to calm down, and get an idea of their temperament
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2
Q

What equipment is commonly used for avian restraint?

A
  • towels
  • person for restraint and for examination
  • curtains or blinds to prevent flight into window

(ensure all doors, windows, and other escape routes are closed)

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3
Q

How are birds properly restrained? What 3 things are avoided?

A
  • use a towel to wrap wings with head out
  • firm grip on head with one hand and the other hand supporting the body
  1. squeezing chest —> no diaphragm!
  2. pressure one eyes
  3. gloves —> harder to grip, can’t feel own strength
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4
Q

What are 3 major differences in the avian cardiovascular system?

A
  1. larger heart with 4 chambers
  2. higher CO and BP
  3. relatively lower HR relative to size
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5
Q

How does handling and excitement affect the avian cardiovascular system?

A

increases NE and EPI, which contributes to arrhythmia development

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6
Q

What aspects of anesthetics cause changes in the avian cardiovascular system?

A

hypoxia and hypercapnia depress CV function

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7
Q

How does the avian ECG look?

A

different morphometry, which looks like V-tach

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8
Q

What parts of the avian pulmonary system take part in ventilation and gas exchange?

A

VENTILATION - trachea, bronchi, air sacs, thoracic skeleton, respiratory muscles

GAS EXCHANGE - parabronchial lung

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9
Q

What 3 things make intubating bird difficult?

A
  1. oropharyngeal anatomy - long beaks!
  2. sizing of ETT not small enough, so IVC without stylets are commonly used = obstruction with mucous is worse!
  3. tracheal rupture with cuff overinflation is most commonly longitudinal due to complete rings - limit or do not inflate cuffs
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10
Q

How can mucous plugging of the smaller ET tubes be avoided in birds?

A

Atropine or Glycopyrrolate IM

  • can thicken secretions!
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11
Q

Where is the avian larynx found?

A

base of tongue

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12
Q

What is the avian trachea like? What are 3 aspects of its anatomy?

A

complete cartilaginous rings

  1. saccules
  2. double tracheas possible
  3. loops/coils
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13
Q

What is the purpose of the syrinx? Where is it found?

A

sound production

junction of the trachea and brainstem bronchi —> PPV of intubated birds can create sounds!

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14
Q

What is the anatomy of cranial and caudal group air sacs? What is their purpose?

A
  • CRANIAL = 2 cervical, clavicular, 2 cranial thoracic
  • CAUDAL = 2 caudal thoracic, 2 abdominal
  • volume in both groups is equal

provide tidal air flow to the avian lung, which is relatively rigid

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15
Q

What is avian ventilation like?

A

inspiration and expiration are active

  • INSPIRATION = air flows from atmosphere into air sacs and across gas exchange surfaces of the lung
  • EXPIRATION = air flows from air sacs and pulmonary system to the environment
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16
Q

How does anesthesia affect avian ventilation? What recumbency is avoided?

A

abdominal viscera can compress abdominal air sacs nd reduce tidal volume

sternal —> reduces keel movement and ventilation

17
Q

What does the avian lung lack? What is recommended?

A

FRC

  • limited tolerance for apnea
  • ventilation - can flow a continuous gas stream through the trachea and lungs and out of a cannulated air sac
18
Q

What does fasting of avian species depend on?

A
  • size
  • species
  • concerns for regurgitation
19
Q

What anesthetic concern does improper restraint cause?

A

hyperthermia!

  • restraint for SQ/IM/IV injections can be difficult, so inhalant induction is commonly used —> pollution and personnel exposure possible
20
Q

What are 4 signs of pain in avians?

A
  1. crouching
  2. immobility
  3. failure to groom/overgrooming
  4. withdrawal from flock or normal interactions

difficult to assess!

21
Q

What is the most common analgesic used in avians?

A

opioids

22
Q

What temperatures are reptiles kept at during anesthesia?

A

higher end of preferred

23
Q

What is a common disorder affecting the reptile cardiovascular system? In what 3 ways does this affect anesthesia?

A

R-L shunting

  1. hypoxia induced hypothermia
  2. thermoregulation impacted
  3. induction of IV drugs is faster
24
Q

What venous access is used in reptiles?

A
  • tail - coccygeal
  • jugular
  • cephalic
25
Q

How does the respiratory system of reptiles differ from other species?

A
  • some contain air sacs
  • no coughing, diaphragm
  • episodic respiratory pattern with active inspiration and inactive expiration
26
Q

What causes increased/decreased ventilation in reptiles?

A

INCREASED = hypercapnia, NOT hypoxia

DECREASED = hyperoxia, hypocapnia

27
Q

How does the renal-portal system in reptiles affect anesthesia?

A

drugs injected into the caudal half of the body may be cleared by kidneys/liver before entering systemic circulation, so nephrotoxic or high renal clearance drugs should not be injected into hind limbs

  • need higher doses to make effects last
28
Q

What is induction and recovery of reptiles like? What is critical to maintain?

A

prolonged, unpredictable

temperature —> keep a little higher
- use reversible drugs!
- avoid 100% O2 if possible

29
Q

What monitoring is recommended for reptile anesthesia?

A
  • depth indicators not reliable - CV, respiratory systems
  • HR - stethoscope, doppler, ECG
  • capnograph
  • pulse ox
  • blood gas analysis
  • body temp
30
Q

What disease is commonly seen in rabbits and not recognized by owners? What pre-anesthetic evaluation is especially important?

A

respiratory disease

  • PE, Hx
  • bloodwork
  • thoracic radiographs
31
Q

What fasting is recommended for rabbits?

A

1 hour max

  • unable to vomit
32
Q

What IV access is available for rabbits? What is especially helpful for restraint?

A

ear veins, cephalic once sedated

support the back —> bunny burrito with a towel for IM injections

33
Q

How are rabbits usually intubated?

A
  • blind + capnograph
  • otoscope attachment, endoscope > laryngoscope
  • stylet
  • retrograde —> invasive!
  • Vgel - goes into trachea and occludes esophagus + capnograph
34
Q

What are some common drugs used for rabbit anesthesia?

A
  • Ketamine IM
  • Buprenorphine IM
  • Midazolam IM*
  • Propofol, Alfaxalone IV at titrated doses
  • Meloxicam post-op
35
Q

What anticholinergic is preferred for rabbits? Why?

A

Glycopyrrolate

naturally produce atropine esterase, which breaks down Atropine

36
Q

What is critical to preparing rabbits for anesthesia? What is common in recovery?

A

ocular lubrication

hypothermia —> small, high metabolic rate, non-rebreathing system used

Anesthesia (40 decks)

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