Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Method

Question 1

_ connotes content and process.

Answer 1

Science

Question 2

_ consists of the scientific techniques we use to collect and evaluate data

Answer 2

Methodology

Question 3

_ are the facs we gather using scientific methods.

Answer 3

Data

Question 4

Heider called nonscientific data gathering _.

Answer 4

Commonsense Psychology

Question 5

_ uses nonscientific sources of data and nonscientific inference.

Answer 5

Commonsense Psychology

Question 6

_ is the kind of everyday, nonscientific gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others.

Answer 6

Commonsense Psychology

Question 7

As commonsense psychologists, the person’s ability to gather data in a systematic and impartial way is constrained by two factors _ and _.

Answer 7

1. sources of psychological information
2. our inferential streategies

Question 8

The sources of psychological information, as commonsense psychologists, come from sources that seem _ and _. Examples are: _, _, and _.

Answer 8

Credible, trustworthy, friends, relatives, people with authority

Question 9

_ is the nonscientific use of information to explain or predict behavior.

Answer 9

Nonscientific inference

Question 10

In the _, people misuse data to estimate the probability of an event, like when a slot machine will pay off.

Answer 10

Gambler’s Fallacy

Question 11

When we _ to explain others’ behavior, we often make an unwarranted dispositional attribution and underuse situational information.

Answer 11

overuse trait explanations

Question 12

In _, we falsely assume that specific behaviors cluster together as we ignore individual differences.

Answer 12

Stereotyping

Question 13

In _, we feel more confident about our conclusions that is warranted by available data. This form of nonscientific inference can result in erroneous conclusions when we don’t recognize the limitations of supporting data.

Answer 13

Overconfidence Bias

Question 14

There are seven characteristics of Modern Science: _, _, _, _, _, _, and _.

Answer 14

1. Having a scientific mentality
2. Gathering Empirical Data
3. Seeking General Principles
4. Good thinking
5. Self-correction
6. Publicizing Results
7. Replication

Question 15

Alfred North Whitehead’s _ assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be predicted.

Answer 15

Scientific Mentality

Question 16

_ is essential to science. There is no point to using the scientific method to gather and analyze data if these is no implicit order.

Answer 16

Scientific Mentality

Question 17

The _ is applied when we believe that the causes of human behavior can be researched.

Answer 17

Principle of Determinism

Question 18

Data are _ when observed or experienced preferable in a systematic and orderly way.

Answer 18

Empirical

Question 19

Galileo’s _ approach was superior to Aristotle’s _ method.

Answer 19

empirical;
commonsense

Question 20

A _ consists of statements generally expressed as equations with few variables that have overwhelming empirical support.

Answer 20

law

Question 21

A _ is an interim explanation; a set of related statements used explain and predict phenomena.

Answer 21

Theory

Question 22

_ integrates diverse data, explain behavior, and predict new instances of behavior.

Answer 22

Theories

Question 23

_ is critical to scientific method for as we engage with it, data collection and interpretation become systematic, objective and rational.

Answer 23

Good thinking

Question 24

_ emphasizes to the basic premise that entities should not be multiplied without necessity.

Answer 24

Occam’s Razor

Question 25

The principle of _ is that we prefer the simplest useful explanation.

Answer 25

parsimony

Question 26

Modern scientists accept the uncertainty of their own conclusions. Changes in scientific explanations and theories are an extremely important part of scientific progress

Answer 26

Got it.

Question 27

The number of scientific papers published each year in scientific journals is growing, and new journals are constantly being added in specialized disciplines. This continuous exchange of information is _to the scientific process.

Answer 27

vital

Question 28

We should be able to repeat our procedures and get the same results again if we have gathered data objectively and if we have followed good thinking

Answer 28

Replication

Question 29

There are four main objectives of research conducted in Psychology: _, _, _, and _.

Answer 29

Description, Prediction, Explanation, Control

Question 30

In objectives of research in psychology, _ is being described in the statement: In psychological science, we are referring to a systematic and unbiased account of the observed characteristics of behaviors.

Answer 30

Description

Question 31

In objectives of research in psychology, _ allow us greater knowledge of behaviors because they provide us with the information about what the behavior will be like.

Answer 31

Good description

Question 32

In objectives of research in psychology, _ refers to the capacity for knowing in advance when certain behaviors would be expected to occur - to be able to predict them ahead of time - because we have identified other conditions with which the behaviors are linked or associated.

Answer 32

Prediction

Question 33

In objectives of research in psychology, _ allows us to understand what causes behavior to occur. It includes knowledge of the conditions that reliably reproduce the occurrence of a behavior.

Answer 33

Explanation

Question 34

In objectives of research in psychology, _ refers to the application of what has been learned about behavior.

Answer 34

Control

Question 35

In objectives of research in psychology, _ is rarely the intent of experimentation, but some research is conducted with the intent of producing behavioral change along with increasing knowledge.

Answer 35

Control

Question 36

_ is research that is design to solve real-world problems.

Answer 36

Applied Research

Question 37

_ is research designed to test theories or to explain psychological phenomena in humans and animals.

Answer 37

Basic Research

Question 38

There are three main tools of scientific method: _, _, and _.

Answer 38

Observation, Measurement, Experiment

Question 39

In the tools of scientific method, _ is the systematic noting and recording of events.

Answer 39

Observation

Question 40

In the tools of scientific method, _ is being described: We can only make a scientific study of events that are observable. To make scientific study of internal process like feeling and thinking, we must be able to define those events in terms of observable signs.

Answer 40

Observation

Question 41

In the tools of scientific method, _ is quantifying an event or behavior according to generally accepted rules.

Answer 41

Measurement

Question 42

In the tools of scientific method, we try to measure in _ so that our measurements will be meaningful. We try to keep our measurements _.

Answer 42

Standardized units; consistent

Question 43

In the tools of scientific method, _ is a process undertaken to demonstrate that already observed events will occur consistently under a particular set of conditions.

Answer 43

Experimentation

Question 44

In the tools of scientific method, to conduct an experiment, the _ must be testable, _ must be available to test it, and it must be _ to do so.

Answer 44

hypothesis; procedures; ethical

Question 45

_ are the circumstances that come before the event or behavior taht we want to explain.

Answer 45

Antecedent Condition

Question 46

_ is a specific set of antecedent conditions created by the experimenter and presented o subjects to test its effect on behavior.

Answer 46

Treatment Condition

Question 47

_ is a controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditionsare applied to subjects.

Answer 47

Psychology Experiment

Question 48

In _, the subjects' behaviors are measured and compared to test a hypothesis about the effects of those treatments on behavior.

Answer 48

Psychology Experiment

Question 49

An experiment requires that we create _ and _ subjects to these conditions.

Answer 49

at least two treatment conditions; randomly assign

Question 50

In psychology experiments, we control _ so that we can measure what we intend to measure.

Answer 50

Extraneous Variables

Question 51

An experiment attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the antecedent conditions known as the _, and subject behavior or _.

Answer 51

independent variable; dependent variable

Question 52

Experiments establish a _ because causes must precede effects. However, not all prior events are causes.

Answer 52

temporal relationship

Question 53

A _ is any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific, but has no true scientific bases and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.

Answer 53

pseudoscience

Question 54

Modern _ include past life regression, reparenting, and rebirthing.

Answer 54

pseudosciences