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MD1 Exercise > Exercise Physiology: Oxygen, Heat and Fluids > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology: Oxygen, Heat and Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What is oxygen uptake in exercise dependent on?

A

Intensity of exercise

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2
Q

What are the cardiovascular responses to exercise?

A

Increase oxygen supply to skeletal and cardiac muscle
Facilitate carbon dioxide and heat removal
Maintain mean arterial pressure

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3
Q

What is Fick’s equation?

A

VO2 = cardiac output * (CaO2 - CvO2)

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4
Q

Which organ extracts most of the oxygen from arterial blood during exercise?

A

Skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Why can you get post-exercise hypotension?

A

Finish exercise > sudden drop in cardiac output > vessels in legs still dilated > blood pools in legs

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6
Q

Why does the skin vasoconstrict during intense exercise, and why can this be dangerous?

A

Muscle vasodilates > skin vasoconstricts to increase total peripheral resistance and maintain mean arterial pressure
Dangerous because vasoconstriction of skin decreases heat loss

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7
Q

What is exercise hyperaemia?

A

Increase in blood flow to muscles during exercise

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8
Q

What causes exercise hyperaemia?

A

Metabolic vasodilators from contracting skeletal muscle, endothelium, and/or red blood cells
Muscle pump
Conducted vasodilation
Functional sympatholysis

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9
Q

What is conducted vasodilation?

A

Gap junctions spread vasodilation, especially upstream to larger arterioles

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10
Q

What is functional sympatholysis?

A

Alpha receptors on blood vessels normally cause vasoconstriction when activated
Become less effective in exercise because metabolites desensitise them

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11
Q

What is the difference between cardiac output between an athlete and a sedentary person for any given VO2?

A

Not much difference

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12
Q

What is the difference between the heart rate of an athlete and a sedentary person for any given VO2?

A

Lower in athlete

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13
Q

What is the difference between the stroke volume of an athlete and a sedentary person for any given VO2?

A

Higher in athlete

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14
Q

What happens to blood pressure during exercise, and why?

A

Decreased time in diastole, so systole happens more often > increase in blood pressure

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15
Q

What happens to the baroreflex during exercise, and why?

A

Resets to higher level to allow increase in heart rate with increased blood pressure

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16
Q

What is cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise?

A

Increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume

17
Q

Why does cardiovascular drift occur during prolonged exercise?

A

Hyperthermia
Dehydration
Increased plasma adrenaline
Peripheral displacement of blood volume due to cutaneous vasodilation

18
Q

Why is heart rate lower with exercise in water?

A

Blood stays more central

19
Q

What changes occur in the neural control of circulation during exercise?

A

Increased heart rate in anticipation

Resetting of baroreceptor reflex

20
Q

How does autonomic control increase heart rate during exercise?

A

Early rise because of vagal control

Later, increases because of sympathetic control

21
Q

Why does cardiac output increase after training?

A

Expanded blood volume
Increased heart size
Increased adrenergic sensitivity

22
Q

Why does heart size increase after training?

A

Increased left ventricle mass and chamber size

23
Q

What microvascular adaptations occur after exercise training?

A

Increased capillary density

Increased capillary recruitment

24
Q

What are the respiratory responses to exercise?

A

Maintain arterial oxygen saturation
Carbon dioxide removal
Acid-base balance

25
Q

What proportion of arterial blood is saturated during exercise at sea level in healthy individuals?

A

Fully oxygenated

26
Q

Under what conditions does arterial desaturation occur during exercise?

A

High altitude

27
Q

Why may highly trained athletes have arterial desaturation?

A

Cardiac output may be too fast to fully oxygenate blood

28
Q

What is the main mechanism of heat loss during exercise?

A

Sweating

29
Q

When is sweating not as effective?

A

Humid weather

30
Q

What is the relationship between heat stress and exercise capacity and performance?

A

Heat stress impairs exercise capacity and performance

31
Q

What body fluid compartments are affected in exercise-induced dehydration?

A

All

32
Q

What is the relationship between dehydration during exercise and performance?

A

Dehydration impairs performance

33
Q

What is the relationship between exercise performance and prior dehydration?

A

Prior dehydration impairs exercise performance

MD1 Exercise (10 decks)

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