Exercise Benefits vs Risks Flashcards
What is included in the metabolic syndrome?
Insulin resistance
Obesity
Dyslipidaemia
Hypertension
What is the effect of exercise on different aspects of the metabolic syndrome?
Strong evidence for positive effect of exercise on all aspects of metabolic syndrome
What is the effect of exercise training on insulin action?
Exercise activates glucose uptake in insulin independent way
What is the effect on GLUT4 expression with exercise?
Increased in muscle
What is the effect on hexokinase and glycogen synthase activities with exercise?
Increased in muscle
What is the effect on muscle oxidative capacity with exercise?
Increased
What is the effect on muscle blood flow with exercise?
Increased
What is the effect on capillary density and recruitment with exercise?
Increased in muscle
What is the effect on GLUT4 expression in type 2 diabetes with exercise?
Increased in both muscle and adipose tissue
What is the effect of exercise on cholesterol control?
Increased HDL
Increased lipoprotein lipase
Better processing of VLDL and LDL
What is the effect of the amount of exercise on body mass and abdominal circumference?
Increasing amount and intensity of exercise decreases abdominal circumference, but body mass doesn’t necessarily change
What is the effect of exercise on blood pressure?
Significant effect of exercise on decreasing blood pressure for hypertensive patients
Similar effects to anti-hypertensive drugs
What is the relationship between exercise, myokines, adipokines, and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases?
Physical activity releases myokines from skeletal muscle
Myokines inhibit release of adipokines from adipose tissue
Therefore, release of myokines inhibits negative effect of adipokines on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What might be the cytokine basis for the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise?
IL-6 release in inflammation may be in response to other pro-inflammatory cytokines
Contracting muscle releases IL-6
Moderate intensity exercise may have anti-inflammatory effects via release of IL-6 (and no release of TNF-alpha)
What are the risks associated with exercise?
Sudden cardiac death Exercise-induced bronchospasm Musculoskeletal injury Delayed onset muscle soreness Exertional rhabdomyolysis Exertional hyperthermia/hypothermia Proteinuria
