Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics (Paper 2) Flashcards
Scalar
Measurement based on size OR magnitude
Vector
Measurement based on size AND magnitude
Name some scalar values.
Mass
Speed
Distance
Name some vector values
Weight (mass x gravity= weight) Velocity (Displacement/ time taken) Acceleration (Change in velocity/ time) Displacement Momentum (mass x velocity)
What is an impulse?
The time it takes a force to be applied to an object/body (force x time = impulse)
Where do you find first class lever systems?
ONLY in the neck and elbow extension (upwards)
Where do you find second class lever systems?
ONLY in the ankle joint
Where do you find third class lever systems?
Exists in all other existing joints
What is the resistance arm?
The distance between the resistance and fulcrum
What is the effort arm?
The distance between the effort and the fulcrum
What happens when the effort arm is greater than the resistance arm?
You can move the object
Second lever system mechanical advantage and mechanical disadvantage:
Mechanical advantage: Move heavier loads (Effort arm is greater)
Mechanical disadvantage: Slow speeds of movement
Third lever system: mechanical advantage and mechanical disadvantage:
Mechanical advantage: faster speeds of movement
Mechanical disadvantage: can’t lift heavy loads (resistance arm is greater than effort arm)
What is drag force?
The resistance force caused by the motion of a body travelling through fluid
What is surface drag?
Friction between the surface of an object and the fluid environment
What is form drag?
Drag affected by the form/shape of the object/ body i.e the shape of a cyclists streamline helmet
Give ways to reduce drag.
Streamline object/equipment/body
Thin/high pressured tyres
Reduce surface friction i.e clothing
How is lift force imparted to a discus during flight? (CLUE: Bernoulli Principle)
Lift force created when there is fast moving air above the discus and slow moving air on the bottom.
Slow moving air = high pressure, moves to low concentration of pressure
Creates lift force
Give examples of acute (immediate) sporting injuries
Sprains (LIGAMENTS) Strains (muscles/TENDONS) Concussion Fractures Dislocation
Give examples of chronic injuries
Shin splints
Stress fractures
Arthritis
Osgood Schlatter
Give and describe the different types of fractures
Stable > Broken ends of bone line up and barely out of place
Open > Skin pierced by bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at time of fracture
Transverse > Horizontal fracture line
Oblique > Fracture has angled pattern
Comminuted > Bone shatters in three or more places
Give symptoms of fractures
Soreness
Pain/swelling
Deformity
Loss of function
Describe tendonitis
Overuse of Achilles tendon
Common in runners who suddenly increase intensity or duration of runs
Describe Tennis elbow
Inflammation of the tendons of the elbow due to overuse
Name different causes of injury
Impact: opponent/ground Playing surface i.e frozen pitch Equipment i.e improper use Breaking rules Repetitive strain injury
Name preventative measures to injury
Abide by the rules Use equipment correctly Warm up Maintain fitness levels Protective clothing Allow adequate recovery time
RICE
Rest
Ice - reduces swelling and restricts blood flow
Compression - as above
Elevate - to reduce swelling
What is proprioceptive training as a rehabilitation method?
After injury, proprioception is impaired
Balance work, hopping and jumping restore function to proprioceptors
Wobble bands are used to strengthen sprained ankles
What is strength training as a rehabilitative method?
Form of resistance to build up muscles and surrounding injured area
Free weights > Stabilise weight as well as lifting it
Machine weights
Body weight
Therabands > light resistance bands
How do hyperbaric chambers help with rehabilitation?
Reduces pressure at injured area/ reduces swelling
Delivers O2 at high pressure
100% pure O2 so haemoglobin is fully saturated
O2 reaches parts of the body not usually saturated
Increases WBC activity, RBC formation and blood supply
How do cryotherapy chambers help with rehabilitation?
Reduces pain and inflammation
Cooled by liquid nitrogen to -100 degreesC
Blood flows from extremities toward vital organs
Blood will return back saturated with O2 to help heal injured cells
How does hydrotherapy help as a rehabilitation method?
Takes place in warm water, increasing blood circulation
Exercise made easier
Reduces load on joints
Strengthens muscles due to working against water resistance
Name some recovery methods
Compression garments > Reduce inflammation and symptoms associated with DOMS
Foam rollers > Release muscle tension
Massage > Increase blood flow to soft tissue, so more O2
Ice baths
Why is sleep important for recovery?
Brain waves slow down, so more blood flow redirected to injured areas
Restores energy
Why is nutrition important for recovery?
Muscle glycogen needs to be replenished
Should be replenished within 20 minute window to enhance performance
What is angular momentum?
The quantity of rotation
Angular momentum is constant
Angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity
Moment of inertia = reluctance to rotate the body
Angular velocity = speed of rotation
What is the conservation of angular momentum?
Angular momentum will remain the same/ constant until external torque acts upon it
The body will keep spinning until the opposing force is greater
What happens when moment of inertia decreases?
The angular velocity increases as the body spins faster in the air
How do you slow down angular velocity and increase moment of inertia?
Spread limbs out in the air to cause more drag
How does a gymnast rotate faster in the air, when performing a somersault?
The gymnast will reduce their body surface area, which will increase angular velocity, and decrease moment of inertia.
Overall angular momentum will be increased.
