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A Level Sport > Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics (Paper 2) > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics (Paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Scalar

A

Measurement based on size OR magnitude

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2
Q

Vector

A

Measurement based on size AND magnitude

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3
Q

Name some scalar values.

A

Mass
Speed
Distance

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4
Q

Name some vector values

A 
Weight (mass x gravity= weight)
Velocity (Displacement/ time taken)
Acceleration (Change in velocity/ time)
Displacement
Momentum (mass x velocity)
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5
Q

What is an impulse?

A

The time it takes a force to be applied to an object/body (force x time = impulse)

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6
Q

Where do you find first class lever systems?

A

ONLY in the neck and elbow extension (upwards)

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7
Q

Where do you find second class lever systems?

A

ONLY in the ankle joint

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8
Q

Where do you find third class lever systems?

A

Exists in all other existing joints

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9
Q

What is the resistance arm?

A

The distance between the resistance and fulcrum

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10
Q

What is the effort arm?

A

The distance between the effort and the fulcrum

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11
Q

What happens when the effort arm is greater than the resistance arm?

A

You can move the object

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12
Q

Second lever system mechanical advantage and mechanical disadvantage:

A

Mechanical advantage: Move heavier loads (Effort arm is greater)
Mechanical disadvantage: Slow speeds of movement

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13
Q

Third lever system: mechanical advantage and mechanical disadvantage:

A

Mechanical advantage: faster speeds of movement

Mechanical disadvantage: can’t lift heavy loads (resistance arm is greater than effort arm)

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14
Q

What is drag force?

A

The resistance force caused by the motion of a body travelling through fluid

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15
Q

What is surface drag?

A

Friction between the surface of an object and the fluid environment

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16
Q

What is form drag?

A

Drag affected by the form/shape of the object/ body i.e the shape of a cyclists streamline helmet

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17
Q

Give ways to reduce drag.

A

Streamline object/equipment/body
Thin/high pressured tyres
Reduce surface friction i.e clothing

18
Q

How is lift force imparted to a discus during flight? (CLUE: Bernoulli Principle)

A

Lift force created when there is fast moving air above the discus and slow moving air on the bottom.
Slow moving air = high pressure, moves to low concentration of pressure
Creates lift force

19
Q

Give examples of acute (immediate) sporting injuries

A 
Sprains (LIGAMENTS)
Strains (muscles/TENDONS)
Concussion
Fractures
Dislocation
20
Q

Give examples of chronic injuries

A

Shin splints
Stress fractures
Arthritis
Osgood Schlatter

21
Q

Give and describe the different types of fractures

A

Stable > Broken ends of bone line up and barely out of place
Open > Skin pierced by bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at time of fracture
Transverse > Horizontal fracture line
Oblique > Fracture has angled pattern
Comminuted > Bone shatters in three or more places

22
Q

Give symptoms of fractures

A

Soreness
Pain/swelling
Deformity
Loss of function

23
Q

Describe tendonitis

A

Overuse of Achilles tendon

Common in runners who suddenly increase intensity or duration of runs

24
Q

Describe Tennis elbow

A

Inflammation of the tendons of the elbow due to overuse

25
Q

Name different causes of injury

A 
Impact: opponent/ground
Playing surface i.e frozen pitch
Equipment i.e improper use
Breaking rules
Repetitive strain injury
26
Q

Name preventative measures to injury

A 
Abide by the rules
Use equipment correctly 
Warm up
Maintain fitness levels
Protective clothing 
Allow adequate recovery time
27
Q

RICE

A

Rest
Ice - reduces swelling and restricts blood flow
Compression - as above
Elevate - to reduce swelling

28
Q

What is proprioceptive training as a rehabilitation method?

A

After injury, proprioception is impaired
Balance work, hopping and jumping restore function to proprioceptors
Wobble bands are used to strengthen sprained ankles

29
Q

What is strength training as a rehabilitative method?

A

Form of resistance to build up muscles and surrounding injured area
Free weights > Stabilise weight as well as lifting it
Machine weights
Body weight
Therabands > light resistance bands

30
Q

How do hyperbaric chambers help with rehabilitation?

A

Reduces pressure at injured area/ reduces swelling
Delivers O2 at high pressure
100% pure O2 so haemoglobin is fully saturated
O2 reaches parts of the body not usually saturated
Increases WBC activity, RBC formation and blood supply

31
Q

How do cryotherapy chambers help with rehabilitation?

A

Reduces pain and inflammation
Cooled by liquid nitrogen to -100 degreesC
Blood flows from extremities toward vital organs
Blood will return back saturated with O2 to help heal injured cells

32
Q

How does hydrotherapy help as a rehabilitation method?

A

Takes place in warm water, increasing blood circulation
Exercise made easier
Reduces load on joints
Strengthens muscles due to working against water resistance

33
Q

Name some recovery methods

A

Compression garments > Reduce inflammation and symptoms associated with DOMS
Foam rollers > Release muscle tension
Massage > Increase blood flow to soft tissue, so more O2
Ice baths

34
Q

Why is sleep important for recovery?

A

Brain waves slow down, so more blood flow redirected to injured areas
Restores energy

35
Q

Why is nutrition important for recovery?

A

Muscle glycogen needs to be replenished

Should be replenished within 20 minute window to enhance performance

36
Q

What is angular momentum?

A

The quantity of rotation
Angular momentum is constant
Angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity
Moment of inertia = reluctance to rotate the body
Angular velocity = speed of rotation

37
Q

What is the conservation of angular momentum?

A

Angular momentum will remain the same/ constant until external torque acts upon it
The body will keep spinning until the opposing force is greater

38
Q

What happens when moment of inertia decreases?

A

The angular velocity increases as the body spins faster in the air

39
Q

How do you slow down angular velocity and increase moment of inertia?

A

Spread limbs out in the air to cause more drag

40
Q

How does a gymnast rotate faster in the air, when performing a somersault?

A

The gymnast will reduce their body surface area, which will increase angular velocity, and decrease moment of inertia.
Overall angular momentum will be increased.

A Level Sport (7 decks)

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