Exercise Physiology Flashcards
What are the three type of muscle found in the body.
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Define adaption.
Beneficial physiological changes that occur in response to exercise training.
What two proteins slide past one another in the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?
Actin & Myosin
What is the functional contractile unit of muscle tissue?
Sarcomere
What is the chemical fuel for energy in the human body?
ATP
In anaerobic glycolysis, which fuel is broken down to generate ATP?
Glucose.
List two reasons why lactic acid is associated with muscular fatigue.
Muscle is more acidic due to low PH
It stimulates pain receptors.
From which energy system is lactic acid produced?
Anaerobic glycolysis
Is lactic acid a major cause of the soreness the day following exercise? If not what does cause delayed onset muscle soreness?
No, lactic acid is a not responsible for DOMS it is caused by inflammation and muscle damage due to micro tears.
In the aerobic system, which fuels are broken down to generate ATP?
Glucose & Fatty Acid
AKA Fats & Carbohydrates
Where in the cell does the aerobic system take place?
Mitochondria
What factors determine the proportion of fat vs.carbohydrate usage during exercise?
Intensity
Duration
Availability of fuels
What is the storage form of glucose?
Glycogen
Which fuel in the body is virtually unlimited?
Fats
What are some major causes off fatigue during prolonged endurance exercise?
Hyperthermia Hypoglycemia Dehydration Glycogen depletion Psychological factors
Define the term “glycogen sparing.”
Fit people use glycogen a bit more and fats a little bit better.
Which fuel (fat or carbohydrate) is preferred by fast twitch glycolytic fibers?
Fast twitch glycolytic fibers prefer glucose as fuel so carbohydrates.
How do Type II muscle fibers differ from Type I fibers?
Type I is slow twitch Type II is fast twitch.
What does EPOC start for?
Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption
Why does metabolic rate remain elevated following and exercise session?
It stays elevated due to increased body temperature, increased catecholamine levels & other factors.
Define max VO2 max. How is VO2 Max expressed in terms of its units?
It is the maximum volume of oxygen the body can use. It represents the highest level of oxygen consumption measured during a maximal exercise test and is expressed in units of ml/kg/min
Name at least Kane field test that can brushed to estimate V02 max.
1.5 mile / 12 min run
1 mile walk
What two components determine V02 max?
Cardiac Output and a-v02 difference. Q x a-V02 difference. In other words; the body’s ability to utilize oxygen is dependent on two factors.
- ) The hearts ability to pump blood.
- ) The cells ability to remove oxygen from the blood passing by.
Define the a-vO2 difference.
The difference in the amount of oxygen between the arteries and the veins.
Define cardiac output. What is the resting cardiac output?
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume. Q=HR x SV. Both HR and SV increase during exercise. An average resting cardiac output in and adult is 5 L/min.
To what area des most of the cardiac output go at rest? During exercise?
Most of the resting blood flow goes to the viscera (internal organs ) but during exercise blood is shunted from the viscera to the skeletal muscle.
Define stroke volume.
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat.
What two components determine cardiac output?
Heart rate and stroke volume.
Cardiac Output = HR x SV
Q = HR x SV
What are the major chronic adaptions to aerobic training?
Increased number and size of mitochondria. Increased maximal stroke volume and cardiac output. Increased number of capillaries. Increased myoglobin content. Increased maximal a-v O2 difference. Increased blood volume. Increased VO2 max. Decreased resting heart rate.
Amount of overload determines degree of adaption.
True or False : Maximal heart rate increases as a result of aerobic training?
False. Maximal heart rate does not hanger after aerobic training but resting heart rate does decrease after aerobic training.
