Anatomy & Kinesiology Flashcards
Define kinesiology.
Kinesiology is the study of movement.
Define anatomy.
Anatomy is the study of structure.
Flexion and extension occur in the _________ plane.
Sagital plane
Abduction and adduction occur in the ___________ plane.
Frontal plane
Which plane divides the body into top and bottom halves?
The Transverse plane
What is the movement which decreases the angle of a joint?
Flexion
What is the movement which increases the angle of a joint?
Extension
What is the movement of a limb towards the midline of the body?
Adduction
What is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
What is the term for turning the sole of the foot inward, lifting its medial border.
Inversion
What are the four properties of muscle tissue?
Excitability : ability to respond to stimulus.
Contractibility : ability to contract producing force.
Extensibility : ability to stretch beyond resting length.
Elasticity : ability to return to its resting length without damage.
What is the All or None Law?
The All or None Law states that when a motor unit and the bundles of fibers that surround it are stimulated its fibers will perform at 100% their ability or not at all.
What are the types of muscle contractions?
Isometrically : static - a contraction in which the muscle generates force without change in length so no joint movement occurs.
Isotonically : concentric & eccentric - contractions where a muscle generates force while it is shortening or lengthening.
Isokinetically : contraction in which internal force is developed in the muscle but at a constant rate of speed.
List and briefly define two types of isotonic contraction.
Concentric - contractions occur when the muscle shortens as it generates force to overcome gravity as the weight is lifted.
Eccentric -contractions occur when the resistance is lowered. The muscle is lengthening as it slows the downward movement of the resistance of gravity pulling the weight down
When performing the positive phase of a dumbbell curl, the Biceps Brachii and Brachialis are performing a ( circle one ) concentric / eccentric contraction.
Concentric - It is contracting during the lifting/positive part of the curl.
True or False : Another term for the prime mover is the antagonist.
False. The prime mover is the agonist.
What is the Principle of Opposition?
Working opposing muscle groups when designing an exercise program in order to achieve balance.
What roles do muscles assume in performing movements?
Muscles can act as the agonist, antagonist or stabilizers.
Give two examples of two jointed muscles.
Bicept Brachii
Hamstrings
Rectus Femoris
Gastrocnemius
The muscle in opposition to the Iliopsoas is the _______________.
Glutus Maximus
Examples of opposing muscle groups included the quadriceps and __________ , as well as the middle deltoid and the _____________.
Hamstrings
Latissimus Dorsi
The rotator cuff muscles act on the _________ joint.
Shoulder
Name the four rotator cuff muscles.
Subcapularis, Teres Minor, Infraspinatus, Suprapinatus
What movements occur in the Sagittal Plane?
Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension
What movements occur in the Frontal Plane?
Adduction, Abduction, Scapular Elevation, Scapular Depression, Ankle Inversion and Ankle Eversion.
What movements occur in the Transverse or Horizontal Plane?
Spine Rotation, Shoulder Horizontal Adduction, Shoulder Horizontal Abduction, Hip and Shoulder Rotations and Scapular Retraction and Scapular Protraction.
List the opposing muscles for the following:
Pectoralis Major Lattisimus Dorsi Biceps and Brachialis Erector Spinae Iliopsoas Quadriceps Gastrocnemius and Soleus Anterior Deltoid Gluteus Medius and Minimus
Pectoralis Major - Posterior Deltoid
Lattisimus Dorsi - Middle Deltoid
Biceps and Brachialis - Triceps
Erector Spinae - Rectus Abdominus
Iliopsoas - Gluteus Maximus
Quadriceps - Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius & Soleus - Tibialis Anterior
Anterior Deltoid - Lattisimus Dorsi / Posterior Deltoid
Gluteus Medius and Maximus - Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Gracilis
Name the two jointed muscles and the joints they cross.
Biceps Brachii - flexes the elbow and shoukder
Rectus Femoris - flexes the hip and extends the knee
Gastrocnemius - plantar flexes the ankle and flexes the knee
Hamstrings - flexes the knee and extends the hip
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Shoulder Flexion?
Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Shoulder Extension?
Lattisimus Dorsi, Posterior Deltoid
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Shoulder Abduction?
Middle Deltoid, Supraspinatus
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Shoulder Adduction?
Lattisimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, Teres Major
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Shoulder Horizontal Abduction and Scapular Retraction (Adduction)?
Posterior Deltoids, Rhomboids and Middle Trapezius
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Shoulder Horizontal Adduction and Scapular Protraction (Abduction)?
Pectoralis Major, Anterior Deltoid, Serratus Anterior
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Elbow Flexion?
Biceps Brachii and Brachialis
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Elbow Extension?
Triceps
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Spine Flexion?
Rectus Abdominis, Obliques
What is the Prime Mover(s) form Spine Extension?
Erector Spinae
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Spine Lateral Flexion?
Quadratus Lumborum, Obliques
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Hip Flexion?
Iliopsoas - Iliacus and Psoas Major
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Hip Extension?
Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Hip Abduction?
Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Hip Adduction?
Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Gracilis
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Knee Flexion?
Hamstrings (Semimembranous, Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris)
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Knee Extension?
Quadriceps (Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius, Rectus Femoris)
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Ankle Plantar Flexion?
Gastrocnemius, Soleus
What is the Prime Mover(s) for Ankle Dorsiflexion?
Tibialis Anterior
How do you amplify or modify an exercise?
Change the base of support. -seated to standing, wide to narrow, parallel vs lung stance, 2 legs to 1
Change the lever arm - push up on knees vs push up on toes.
Stability - stable vs unstable surface like s BOSU ball, balance board or stability ball.
What are the primary steps when teaching a skill to a client?
Name the exercise, muscle group and location.
Demonstrate and explain the exercise.
Place the client in the ready position.
- ears/shoulder/neutral spine/hip/soft knees/ankle
Client performs the exercise while the trainer watches, cues, monitors, spots, coaches and provides feedback.
- Monitor - observe their form, compensation and stabilization.
- Cue - verbal or tactile tap - muscle range of motion.
- Spot to moving limb - provide assistance and ensure safety
