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exercise physiology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The interaction of what two elements triggers the interaction of actin and mysosin?

A

the binding of the Ca++ to troponin

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2
Q

What is a muscle triad?

A

the combination of t-tubules and the terminal cisternae

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3
Q

what are the transverse tubules>

A

storage area for Ca++ filling the space between the myofibrils

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4
Q

What is the innervation pattern for individual muscle patterns?

A

10-1,000 branches of an Alpha motor neuron innervate the individual muscle fibers

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5
Q

Where are the are the motor fibers of a A-motor neuron located in the muscle

A
  1. they are spread throughout the muscle

2. they do not correspond to any fascilcs or other obvious divisions

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6
Q

What is the process of the muscle contraction from nerve to calcium release?

A
  1. action potential reaches terminal button and Acylecholine is released into the NMJ at the sarcolema
  2. action potential spreads from the Z line and spreads via the transverse tubules
  3. when the action potential reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca++ is released
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7
Q

Where is the ionic resevior of the muscle?

A

endomysium

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8
Q

What unique function does the endomysium serve?

A
  1. deepest layer of muscular connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers
  2. site of metabolic exchange between fibers and capilaries
  3. mediates flow of ions during excitation of the muscle
  4. muscles ionic resevior
  5. transmits forces to adjacent fibers in a radial direction
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9
Q

Where it the site of exchange between the capillary and the muscle fiber?

A

endomysium

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10
Q

How does the muscle fiber connect to the tendon?

A
  1. there is no direct attachment
  2. contractile forces are transmitted from the cell surface to the connective tissue primarily by viscous adhesive forces
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11
Q

About how much of the muscle cross section area is connective tissue?

A

10%

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12
Q

What is the functional difference between a strap muscle and a multipennate muscle?

A
  1. strap muscles are capable of shortening and are good at creating ROM
  2. multipennate have short working lengths, but produce large torque forces
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13
Q

What function does desmin serve in muscle?

A

it is the protein that mechanically integrates the myofibrillar matrix in the radial direction

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14
Q

What is the neurovascular hilum?

A

site where branches of the principle artery, vein and nerve enter the muscle together

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15
Q

What is the vascular pathway of the muscle

A
  1. primary artery enters at the hilum
  2. artery branches freely in the perimysium
  3. a.goes to a profuse network of capillaries in the endomysium (as dense as 4K per mm in type 1s)
    b. passes closely to connective tissue and separated only by a thin wall of endothelial cells
    c. can pass straight through without entering the capillary bed
  4. leaves via vien at the hilum
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16
Q

What is the lymphatic pathway of the muscle

A
  1. starts at the capillaries in the epi- and peri- mysium sheath
  2. does not enter the endomysium
  3. follows viens to the hilum then dumps into the nodes
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17
Q

What is the process for increasing blood flow to a working muscle?

A
  1. cell to cell conduction creates a vasodilator signal along the vessels wall leading to progressive dilation of more proximal arterioles
  2. with motor unit activiation the terminal arterioles dialate
  3. as metabolic demand increases successively more proximial arterioles dialate
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18
Q

What is the resting tone on the smooth muscle of arteriols of muscle?

A

50-70% max diameter

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19
Q

What controls perfusion o f blood into the capillaries?

A

sympathetic vasodialotion of the arterioles network creates the microvascular perfusion network for regulating blood flow into capillaries

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20
Q

What is the neural pathway of skeletal muscle blood flow?

A
  1. regulated by the sympathetic nervous system
  2. there is a plexus of nerves surrounding the feed arteries
  3. resting tone maintained through release of norepinephrine
  4. does not extend down to capillaries or venules
  5. norepinephrine can leak down to capillary to cause constriction
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21
Q

How long after starting to exercise does it take for attenuation of vasodialation?

A

30 seconds

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22
Q

What is muscle made of?

A
  1. 75% water
  2. 20% protein
  3. 5% inorganic salts and extractive (?)
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23
Q

what proteins are found in muscles?

A
  1. myosin 50-55%
  2. actin 20-25%
  3. tropomysin 10-15%
24
Q

What is the pennatation angle?

A

angle b/w the long axis of the muscle and fibers

25
Q

Why can a pennated muscle generate more force?

A

they have a greater cross sectional density of sarcomeres compared to strap muscles

26
Q

What is titin?

A
  1. the largest know protien 10x larger than the next largest protien,
  2. composed of over 27K amino acids
  3. responsible for creating passive tension in muscle
  4. located within the myofibrillar structures
  5. it is a single molecular filament
27
Q

describe the structure of titin

A
  1. 90% of it is made of type III fibronectin
  2. has repeating segmentso of stiff and springy parts
    a. stiff- A band region
    b. spring- I band region
28
Q

What function does titin serve?

A
  1. responsible for passive tension of muscle
  2. faciliates organization and development of sarcomeres
  3. probably serves a mechonsensor function
29
Q

What is Desmin?

A
  1. an intermediate filament protein in cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle
  2. localized around the z disc in the extrafibular space
  3. transmits mechanical energy of muscular activity radially
30
Q

What functional role could desmin serve in rehab?

A
  1. appears to be more significantly loaded with eccentrics
  2. collagen growth associated with eccentrics could be related to mechanical signals from desmin
  3. mice without desmin were less prone to muscle injury
31
Q

What is crest load?

A

the greatest range of steady state loading before overload occurs

32
Q

At what point do lactic acid levels cause muscle function to cease?

A

.032-.14% blood levels

33
Q

what things effect oxygen intake?

A
  1. ventilation of the lungs
  2. O2 carrying capacity of the blood
  3. uploading of O2 at the tissues
  4. minute volume of the heart
34
Q

describe O2 utilization prior to and just after reaching steady state?

A
  1. O2 deficits occur when the exercise is started until steady state is reached
  2. O2 consumption remains slightly elevated until all the by products of the anerobic state are removed
35
Q

How do you determine the total amount of O2 needed for exercise?

A

total O2 with exercise in excess of resting levels plus the O2 debt

36
Q

How much of a muscle contraction is needed to cause O2 debt?

A

10-20% of a MVC

37
Q

What are some strategies for incorperating active rest into your treatment?

A
  1. alternating between agonist and antagonist
  2. alternating between extremities and spinal exercises
  3. alternating limbs
  4. alternating tow different dosage levels
38
Q

How do you dose speed for strength?

A
  1. fast CW to decrease the number of motor units and increase strength of recruited motor units
  2. slow eccentrics to maximize tension through connective tissues
39
Q

how long can an isometric at 50% and 15% of MVC be maintained

A
  1. 50% about one minutes

2. 15%- more than 10 minutes or up to an hour

40
Q

At what point is blood flow slowed and stopped with isometric work?

A
  1. 10% no effect
  2. 30% MVC starts to decrease
  3. 20% cut off in quads
  4. 70% cut off for most muscles
41
Q

Describe peak torque ranking of muscle contraction type?

A
  1. eccentric
  2. isometric
  3. concentrics
42
Q

Describe the impact of speed on peak torque?

A
  1. concentric produces greater torque at slower speeds

2. eccentrics produce greater torque at faster speeds

43
Q

why do concentrics produce greater torque at slower speeds?

A
  1. slow speed allow for more motor unit recruitment

2. also allows for more cross bridge formation

44
Q

what speed of contraction will impact atrophy

A

1.slow CW with fast eccentric

45
Q

How does the muscle fatigue with repetitive low loads or repetitive jobs?

A

impaired transport of substance within the muscle due to long lasting daily edema formation in the muscles

46
Q

How can you increase isometric endurnace without doing isometrics?

A

increase you MVC so that you increase your relative percent of max

  1. 20% of 100# = 20#
  2. 20% of 200# = 40#
47
Q

when is improvement in isometric function necessary for functional return?

A

when someone works at a computer they could be working at an MVC greater 30%

48
Q

what are some clinical applications for isometric work?

A
  1. avoid in stage one as contraction greater than 20-30% compromise blood flow
  2. fixing strength in newly gained ranges
  3. strength train for isometric endurance
  4. addressing biomechanics and ascendance strategies to manage forces
49
Q

How is O2 consumption different with concentric and eccentric work?

A

concentrics will consume 75% of the total oxygen used in the contraction

50
Q

why would you want to remove eccentrics from early stage one exercises

A
  1. eccentrics are good for stimulating muscles and collagen hypertrophy
  2. since you are trying to reduce tone and promote capillary density it is not really needed
  3. removing eccentrics allows for a relative rest and appropriate dosing of the target tissue
51
Q

what type of contraction has the perception of being easier?

A

eccentric seems easier than concentrics because of the lower metabolic demand resulting in decreased perception of work

52
Q

what are come indications for eccentric training

A
  1. mechanical joint pain
  2. unit-directional joint crepitus
  3. gait training
  4. tedonosis
  5. decrease stress to joint with the exercise
  6. improve dynamic stability of hypermobile joint
53
Q

what type of contraction has greater effect on muscle hypertrophy?

A

concentrics as metabolic cost and force impact muscle hypertrophy

54
Q

what is the henneman’s size principle?

A

smaller motor units with lower thresholds are recruited first

55
Q

How does recuritement of the gastroc and soleus differ?

A
  1. soleus for slow low levels of demand, medial head of gastroc fast high demand activities
  2. standing requires constant soleus with no gastroc
  3. as speed of walking increases soleus remains constant and gastroc starts to increase
  4. high frequency activity with no soleus

Basic science (13 decks)

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