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exercise physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

How does collagen healing differ with ligament grafts?

A
  1. necrosis- inflamation and granulation tissue for about 2 weeks with native cells lost by endo of week one and migration of synovial cells into collagen superstructures
  2. revascularization- 8 weeks from patellar fat pad and synovium
  3. cellular proliferation- 12 weeks as collagen content increases
  4. remodeling 12 weeks and beyond
  5. by week 26 it is usally pretty normal
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2
Q

What did Nardone’s 1998 study find regarding order of muscle recruitment?

A
  1. concentric and isometrics tend to recruite type I tonics

2. eccentrics recruite type II phasics

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3
Q

What is the stretch shortening cycle?

A
  1. refers to a priming of a volitional movement by an antagonistic contraction
  2. this loads the agonist connective tissues
  3. preloaded tissue allows for a reduction in contraction rate and an increase in fiber recruitement and liberation of kenetic energy from preloaded tissues
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4
Q

What are the phases of the stretch shortening cycle?

A
  1. eccentric phases sets and preloads the muscle fibers and connective tissues with prestretch
  2. prestrech stimulates the muscle spindles to bias A-alpha motor activation and places kinetic energy in the connective tissues
  3. ammoritation where you transition from eccetnric to concentric phase
  4. recoil of concentric phase
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5
Q

What is the sequence of events from Alpha motor AP to onset of muscle tension?

A
  1. AP travels down axon
  2. AP moves along the t-tubules
  3. Ca++ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. cross bridge formation
  5. stretching of series elastic tissue of muscle
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6
Q

How does the stretch shortening cycle increase force production?

A
  1. prestretch of SEC allows for more energy transfer to the bone
  2. prestretch creates a relatively shorter contractile unit so the muscle can contract slower concentrically allowing for recruitment of a greater number of motor units
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7
Q

What are the benefits of eccentrics for collagen repair?

A
  1. decreased metabolic demand while providing max stretch to collagen
  2. good for over tendonopathy
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8
Q

What are the benefits of eccentrics with dynamic stabilization?

A

trains a hypermobile joint to eccentrically prevent entering into the pathological range

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9
Q

How does muscle EMG activity change with increasing work loads?

A

Less EMG activity with ECW compared to CCW possibly due to fewer motor untis or a shift towards phasic with larger motor units and less electrical activity

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10
Q

How does intramuscular fluid pressures change with DOMS?

A
  1. ECW has an increase in intramuscular fluid pressure, but concentric doesn’t
  2. pressure changes usually resolve with 8 minutes
  3. 48 hours later fluid pressure has doubled and is consistent with onset of pain.
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11
Q

Teague’s 1995 study demonstrated what changes in DOMS with variations in rest time and why is this important?

A

Rest time between sets did not effect DOMs indicating limited metabolic involvement with DOMs

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12
Q

What did warren’s study in 1993 demonstrate regarding DOMs?

A

The number of reps has a greater impact on DOMs that peak torque forces

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13
Q

How is protien synthesis effected when eccentrics are take to the point of tissue damage?

A
  1. protein synthesis is not elevated for at least 48 hours

2. may not return to normal levels for about 14 days

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14
Q

How would you dose resistence targeting DOMS?

A

5 sets of CCW at 50% of 1 RM

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15
Q

What intramuscular chemical changes occur with ECW to suggest tissue damage?

A
  1. 50 fold plasma creatine phosphokinase
  2. creatine kinase
  3. glutamic-oxalotic transaminase
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16
Q

How does tissue response to ECW change between workouts

A
  1. repeating the exercises 1-10 weeks later and you have faster recovery time
  2. limited change in chemical markers for tissue damage
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17
Q

How does gender impact DOMs?

A
  1. women demostrate a greater tolerance for eccentric work

2. women show less enzymatic response to ECW

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18
Q

What vitiams seem to improve recovery rate of muscle?

A

Vitiam C

-500 mg 21 days prior to eccentric work outs and seven days after demonstrates improved rate of recovery of strength

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19
Q

How often should ECW be performed?

A
  1. tissue repair: start with one set per day and increase to 2-3 seter per day
  2. high end plyos 1-2x week
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20
Q

What are the four models of pathology?

A
  1. biomechanical
  2. neurophysiologic
  3. biochemical
  4. psycological
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21
Q

What are the different types of human contractile tissue?

A
  1. smooth muscle
  2. striated muscle
  3. cardiac muscle
22
Q

What systems control visceral function?

A

autonomic and hormonal

23
Q

What two fiber types make up 90-95% of the skeletal muscle?

A
  1. type I tonic

2. type II phasic

24
Q

How do the metabolic processes differ with type I and II muscle fibers

A
  1. type I uses aerobic energy and oxygen

2. type II- anerobic and carbohydrates

25
Q

What type of muscle fiber type has a greater mitochondrial density?

A

type I

26
Q

What fiber type has a greater capilary density?

A

type I

27
Q

What fiber type is slow twitch and what is its contraction speed?

A
  1. slow type I 75m/s

2. fast type II 25m/s

28
Q

Why is slow twitch called slow twitch?

A
  1. it refers to the nerve conduction rate note the contraction rate of the muscle
29
Q

What fiber type is red and why?

A

type I due to the large concentration of myoglobin

30
Q

What cellular structure has greater density in type I fibers?

A
  1. the sacarcoplasm which is rich in myoglobin

2. 25% more mitocondria

31
Q

How are type I and type II muscle differentiated?

A
  1. based on the proportion of fibers in the muscle

2. cervical mulitifidus 77% type I ad 23% II

32
Q

what muscle fiber type fatigues quicker?

A

type II

33
Q

What are the metabolic properties of type II muscle fibers?

A
  1. contraction rate of 25 m/s
  2. obtain energy from glycolosis
  3. glucose obtained from blood sugar intracelluar glucose and muscle glycogen
34
Q

What are the metabolic differences of type I and Type II muscle fibers?

A
  1. type I more mitochondria
  2. activated at different pH
  3. myosin molecules are different
  4. anerobic versus aerobic
35
Q

How does the lactic acid build up effect the body?

A
  1. alters intracellular pH decreasing contractile and metabolic activity
  2. limited effect on pain
  3. requires energy to clear
36
Q

at high loads what is the first thing to fatigue in a muscle?

A

the neuromuscular junction

37
Q

What organ metabolizes lactic acid?

A

liver

38
Q

What impact does training have on muscle fiber type?

A
  1. there is limited evidence to suggest detectable shifts in type I to/from type II
  2. genetic effects fiber type most
  3. training can shift myosin heavy chain profile
39
Q

What re the basic ways muscle tension is increased?

A
  1. increase in stimulation of motor unit

2. excitation of additional motor units

40
Q

What is the pattern for electrical activity of normal muscle contraction?

A
  1. a motor unit is recruited
  2. the firing rate of the unit increases
  3. Once max rate of firing reached and additional motor unit is recruited
  4. firing rate of the second unit is increased until the max rate is reached and the next motor unit is recruited
  5. general accepted rule is smaller tonics are recruited first
41
Q

Where is most of the energy for body function liberated from?

A

ATP-ADP system

42
Q

In aerobic condidtions what process is used to return ADP to ATP?

A

ADP is rephosphorilated via oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondria using glycogen, glucose or free fatty acids

43
Q

By what process is ADP returned to ATP in the anerobic system?

A

rephosphorylated by

  1. phosphocreatine
  2. glycogenylysis and glycolysis leading to lactate formation
44
Q

What process is used to gain energy from fatty acids?

A

tricarbolic acid cycle

45
Q

what process is used to liberate energy from glucose?

A

glycogen-pyruvic acid-system

46
Q

Energy is liberated from amino acids by what process?

A

amino acids are de-aminated via pyruvate or acetyle CaA

47
Q

What type of shift can occur in muscle fibers with resistance training

A
  1. myosin adenosine triphosphate profile

2. myosin heavy chain composition

48
Q

What is the functional unit of a muscle?

A

sacromeres are the base cell made up of actin and myosis and repeating sacromeres form myofibrils

49
Q

What are the functional units of a sarcomere?

A
  1. myosin- thick

2. actin- thin

50
Q

What are the different zones and bands of the sarcomere?

A 
M- line base of mysosin
I- band just myosin
A- band overlaop of myosin and acitive
H-band just actin
Z-line base of actin

Basic science (13 decks)

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