Exercise Intensity & Emotional Experience Flashcards
valence
the affective quality referring to the intrinsic attractiveness “good” (positive valence); “bad” (negative valence)
basic and distinct affective states
basic affect-the most general valence experimental response (i.e. low arousal/pleasure vs high arousal/displeasure)
distinct affective states - emotions and moods (i.e. anxiety, depression) that may include this basic affect component
affect
affect is a term that can encompass both basic and distinct states
background - understanding PA
majority of research has focused on social-cognitive models
little emphasis on how affective variables relate to PA
general belief that exercise makes people feel better
acute affective response to a moderate-intensity exercise stimulus predicts PA participation
feeling scale (FS) - 11 point, single-item, measure of affective valence
the scale ranges from -5 (very bad) to +5 (very good)
Physical Activity Recall (PAR): minutes of least moderate-intensity PA during the past 7 days
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE): score ranges between 6-20 to assess how hard find the exercise
dual-mode theory of affect response to exercise
the guiding conceptual framework of this research is the dual-mode theory of exercise-induced affective responses
according to theory, affective repsonse to exercise are jointly influenced by two coacting factors, namely cortically mediated cognitive processes (e.g. ventilation, acidosis, core temperature) that reach the affective centers of the brain via subcortical routes
the balance between these two determinants is hypothesized to shift systematically as a function of exercise intensity, with the cognitive factors being dominant at low intensities and interoceptive cues gaining salience as intensity approaches the individual’s functional limits and the maintenance of a physiological steady-state becomes impossible
cognitive processes and interceptive cues
a sensory impulse travels from the body surface towards the thalamus, which receives it as a sensation. this sensation is then passed onto the cerebral cortex for interpretation as touch, pain or temperature
PAG-periaqueductal gray
VLM-ventrolateral medulla
PB-parabrachial nucleus
NTS-Nucleus of solitary tract
interoceptive implies all aspects of the internal environment such as the visceral, digestive, and autonomic systems. interoceptive input is relayed to the amygdala exclusively through the cortical and subcortical routes
the amygdala is involved in several functions of the body including: arousal; autonomic responses; associated with fear; emotional responses
VT and Respiratory Compensation Point
VT it’s that intensity of exercise above which your breathing becomes labored and you feel you can’t draw in as much air as your body wants. one’s threshold is said to reflect levels of lactate accumulation
The Respiratory Compensation Point (RCP) reflects the onset of hyperventilation (when more CO2 is removed from the blood stream than the body can produce). The presence of a clear RCP implies a pretty maximal effort by the subject
conclusions of FS and FAS
FS - used to measure the affective valence (displeasure - pleasure)
FAS - used to measure perceived activation (low arousal - high arousal)
substantial evidence indicates that the relationship between exercise and affect responses is complex, with affect reponses under certain conditions, being negative rather than positive
positive affective reponses are limited to
- during and after low intensity and self-paced exercise
- recovery from vigorous exercise
- exercise intensity that exceeds the ventilatory threshold is associated with declines in affective valence
pattern of inter-individual variability in affective responses appear to be systematic and dependent on the intensity of exercise
homogeneity emerges during exercise of low intensity when most responses are positive
during exercise performed at midrange (not too low; not to high); there appears to be great inter-individual variability; with some individuals experiencing positive and others experiencing negative changes in affective valence
homogeneity emerges at exercise of high intensity when most responses are negative
influence of cognitive and peripheral physiological cues
cognitive factors (e.g. self-efficacy) influence affective responses to exercise at low intensity
peripheral physiological cues (e.g. respiration, muscle, blood lactate concentration) influence affective responses at high levels of intensity
this has implications for intervention at helping exercisers cope with unpleasant sensations particularly during the critical early stages of exercise movement
can high-intensity exercise be more pleasant? attentional dissociation using music and video
by jones et al
conclusions: music and music combined with video can signficantly enhance the affective, attentional states and enjoyment experience of HIT
these manipulations are influenced by the intensity of exercise (i.e. 10% below or 5% about VT) for enjoyment only. findings indicate that attentional manipulations can exert a salient influence on enjoyment even at intensities slightly above ventilatory threshold
self-efficacy and affect responses to sprint interval training
by tritter et al
measures: SIT self-efficacy; Affect: SEES; Enjoyment: PACES; SIT satisfaction
methods: those in the HE (high efficacy) condition were given a positive feedback message
the LE (low efficacy) were provided with a negative feedback message
control got no feedback
conclusion: receiving positive feedback while performing SIT: signficantly minimizes declines in self-efficacy
minimizes declines in positive affect and inclines in psychological distress
significantly bolsters feelings of exercise enjoyment and satisfaction
reduces likelihood of early termination
potential to increase future engagement?
future research: goal & implementation intention
high intensity training
no universal definition of HIT; the core feature of HIT is the alternation between (a) intervals of “all out” effort or an intensity “close to that which elicits VO2 peak (i.e. 90% of VO2 peak)” lasting from a few seconds to up to several minutes and (b) periods of passive or active recovery (rest to low intensity exercise) lasting up to a few minutes
high-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease; systematic review and meta-analysis
by weston et al
background: cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a strong determinant of morbidity and mortality. to see if high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)
results: 10 studies in meta-analysis. participants had coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, metabolic syndrome and obesity
there was a signficiantly higher increase in the VO2 peak after HIIT compared to MICT (MD 3.03 mL/kj/min, 95% Cl 2.00 to 4.07), equivalent to 9.1%
conclusions: HIIT significantly increases CRF by almost double that of MICT in patients with lifestyle-induced chronic diseases
high-intensity interval exercise training for public health
by biddle and batterham
biddle (out)
HIT is just too hard for most people
high displeasure associated with this type of exercise
only really helps activate people do more
HIT will have poor uptake and maintenance
batterham (in)
practical and scalable HIT protocols need to continue to be developed
purported displeasure associated with this type of exercise has been overstated
traditional PA promotion framework has been a failure
HIT produces rapid physiological adaptions that can benefit public health
continuous and high-intensity interval training: which promotes higher pleasure?
by oliveira et al
objective: to compare the psychological responses to continuous (CT) and high-intensity interval training (HIT) sessions
conclusion: despite the same average intensity for both conditions, similar psychological responses under HIT and CT conditions were not observed, suggesting that the higher dependence on anaerobic metabolism during HIT negatively influenced the feeling scale responses
pleasure and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval exercise in low-active women with obesity
by decker and ekkekakis
results: differences were found for both FS and PACES with both outcomes favoring MICE (moderate-intensity) compared to HIIE (high intensity)
conclusions: the lower pleasure and enjoyment associated with HIIE compared to MICE underscore the importance of considering not only physiological adaptions but also the appeal and sustainability of HIIE for low-active women with obesity
benefits of physical activity
decrease in obesity, depression, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, anxiety and metabolic syndrome
increase in fitness
why measure physical activity?
precise measurement of physical activity and physical activity related energy expenditure (PAEE) is a pre-requisite for interval validity of health research
document frequency and distribution of physical activity in defined population
dose-response for physical activity and health benefits
identify factors that influence physical activity behavior
measuring physical activity
physical activity complex in nature
- dimension: intensity, frequency, duration
- mode of activity
- context (where, why?)
tools are categorized as subjective or objective
strengths and weaknesses previously highlighted
self-report measures
- questionnaires
- diaries
- interviews
Physical Activity Questionnaire-Children (PAQ-C)
pros
ease of administration, low cost, record activity type and where performed
cons
recall bias/social desirability, large number of questionnaires used, not all questionnaires can be used to calculate EE (energy expenditure)
accelerometry
digital recording of the intensity of movement produced during activity
sensor -> picks up the amplitude and frequency of movement -> produces an electrical current of various magnitude (more intense the movement the greater the voltage)
stores more information as activity counts -> converted to AEE/METS based on default or predetermined cut points
pros: evaluates frequency, intensity, and duration, non burdensome
cons: can’t account for increased energy cost associated with static and resistance exercise, inaccurate estimates for activities that involve limb movements (e.g. cycling, rowing), cost
heart rate (HR)
minute-by-minute heart rate data
digital watch, coded heart rate band
physical activity intensity determined by % max heart rate
MaxHR = 220-age
MaxHR for an individual 18 years old = 202
light intensity (<50% MaxHR) HR of 91 or less
moderate intensity (60-70% MaxHR) HR of 111-141
hard intensity (80%+ MaxHR) HR of 152 or greater
pros: physiological measure, minute-by-minute, non burdensome, low cost
cons: factors unrelated to activity influence HR, remains elevated after movement stops, using HR to predict EE can be difficult (need to consider fitness and weight)
combinded sensing (heart rate + accelerometry)
the biomechanical limitations associated with accelerometry and biological limitations associated with HR are not correlated
- increases in HR associated with increases in accelerometry increases are due to activity
the Actiheart
- attaches to the chest via two adhesive electrodes
- minute-by-minute accelerometry and HR data
- PAEE is calculated from Activity Counts (AC), in combination with Heart Rate (HR) data
pros: noninvasive, combines HR and accelerometry in one device, more precise measure of PAEE than HR or accelerometry alone
cons: new device, little validity for device, cost
doubly labeled water
- a drink mix containing two stable isotopes: Deuterium (2H) and Oxygen-18 (18O)
- 2H and 18O elimination rate provides insight into total energy expenditure
- differences in the elimination of H and O used to estimate CO2
- CO2 rates utilized to calculate daily total energy expenditure (TEE)
- TEE - resting metabolic rate = PAEE
pros: unobstructive and noninvasive, gold standard for estimating free-living PAEE
cons: cost, only provides information on total EE (need information about resting energy expenditure)
doubly labelled water study
by campbell et al
- TEE was measured during the nine days with DLW
- urine samples collected on days 1, 5, and 9
- day 10: SQUASH assessed commuting activities, leisure time activities, household activities, and activities at work and school over the last 9 days
- SQUASH (short questionnaire to assess health enhancing physical activity)
PAEESQUASH (kcal day-1) = 1093
PAEEDWL (kcal day-1) = 1219
calculating PAEE from DLW and SQUASH
- DLW (TEE - Resting energy expenditure = PAEE)
- SQUASH (used child and youth compendium to assign energy costs to physical activities = PAEE)
measuring agreement in method comparison studies
by Bland et al
conclusion: when using highly active adolescents, the SQUASH is a valid self-reported tool for measuring PAEE
recommendations: before the SQUASH can be recommended as a valid questionnaire for assessing PAEE, these findings need to be replicated in larger more diverse samples
implications: intervention efforts designed to help children achieve a healthy energy balance are only as good as the instruments that are used to measure PAEE
Self-reported instruments to measure PAEE should be short and simple so that they can be used in large population based studies
combining measurements
GPS - global position system
GIS - ground information system
Accelerometer/HR - intensity of behavior
Self-report - type of behavior
