Exercise Immunology

Question 1

In summary, what factors that might occur at the same time as exercise that may make people think that exercise affects the immune system?

Answer 1

• Exposure to people
• Ionising radiation and hypoxia from plane rides to races
• Diet
• Sleep

Question 2

What are the different types of Leukocytes?

Answer 2

Lymphocytes (small)
Monocytes (medium)
Granulocytes (LARGE)

Question 3

What are the different types of LYMPHOCYTES?

Answer 3

T cells
NK Cells
B Cells

Question 4

What occurs to lymphocyte number due to exercise?

Answer 4

Massive increase post exercise, drop back to normal 15 minutes post, half of normal 2 hours post, then back to normal 10 hours later

Question 5

what occurs to granulocyte number due to exercise?

Answer 5

Increase post exercise, drop back to normal 15 minutes post, huge increase 2 hours post, which then can stay high for a while

Question 6

what is one mechanism for the increase in lymphocyte number in the blood immediately post exericse?

Answer 6

Some immune cells adhered to the blood vessel walls have come off the walls, partly due to adrenaline and also partly due to blood pressure.

Question 7

What is the mechanism for the large decrease in blood lymphocyte number 2 hours post exercise?

Answer 7

Because the lymphocytes have left the blood stream to go to tissues in the muscles and lungs

Question 8

What is the impact of stress on blood lymphocyte number?

Answer 8

Increases it for up to or over 14 hours

Question 9

What is the impact of exercise on spleen and lung lymphocytes?

Answer 9

Exercise increased lung lymphocyte and decreased spleen lymphocytes

Question 10

How do you count and phenotype lymphocytes in humans?

Answer 10

Coulter principle and Flow cytometry

Question 11

Which method of counting and phenotyping lymphocytes in humans gives more detail?

Answer 11

Flow Cytometry

Question 12

What factor determines the magnitude of the immune response immediately post exercise, and in what order do the leukocytes respond from largest to smallest?

Answer 12

• NK, then T, then B.

- Depends on the Exercise intensity. More stressful means bigger response, but still in that order of magnitude.

Question 13

What factor determines the maginutude of immune reponse 2 hours after exercise?

Answer 13

-Duration; immune cell concentrations will not decrease below original levels 2 hours after exercise unless the bout of exercise was 45 mins - 1 hr

Question 14

What are the two molecules that sit on NK cells, and what happens to the number of them on the surface of the NK cells during and post exercise?

Answer 14

CD11a and CD62L.

CD11a increases during exercise then returns to normal. CD62L decreases during exercise then returns

Question 15

Do NK cells shed CD62L cells during exercise?

Answer 15

Yes, if you only see that plasma CD62L concentration increases during exercise. However, if you correct for plasma volume, we see that no they don’t.

Question 16

WHat are the two types of NK cells?

Answer 16

Cytotoxic and Regulatory

Question 17

What molecule marker on the surface of an NK cell identifies it as cytotoxic?

Answer 17

CD56dim

Question 18

What marker on the surface of an NK cell identifies it as regulatory?

Answer 18

CD56bright

Question 19

What is the difference in CD11a and CD62L on regulatory and cytotoxic NK cells?

Answer 19

More CD56L on regulatory, more CD11a on cytotoxic

Question 20

What is the function of the CD56L marker?

Answer 20

It is good at adhering to things. Cells high in surface CD62L will go to the lymph nodes in the armpits and throat.

Question 21

What is the function of the CD11a marker?

Answer 21

Makes a cell good at leaving the bloodstream to tissues

Question 22

What did Goebel and Mills 2000 propose the reason for Increase in CD11a and decrease in CD62L during exercise was?

Answer 22

NK cells shed CD62L during exercise

Question 23

What is the real reason you see a relative increase in CD11a and decrease in CD62L during exercise?

Answer 23

Many more cytotoxic NK cells high in CD11a are mobilised, so relatively higher and CD62L relatively lower

Question 24

What occurs to T cells (average, CD8 and CD4 cells) in the blood during and after exercise?

Answer 24

All increase during exercise and decrease after. CD8 does so more than average, because they are cytotoxic. CD4 does so less than average because they are helpers.

Question 25

What’s the difference in percentage change in memory and naive cells during and 2hr post exercise?

Answer 25

Memory cells have a much larger increase during, and much larger decrease 2h after

Question 26

What is Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

Answer 26

Herpes virus

Question 27

What factors predict immune response?

Answer 27

• Age
• BMI/B%
• Gender
• CVD
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Question 28

How does CMV affect immune response?

Answer 28

Causes immune system to age prematurely, causes more naive cells to convert to memory cells to CMV as you age, so they can’t be memory cells to other things. Can cause further problems if you must be immunosupressed.

Question 29

What is lymphocytosis and lymphocytopoenea

Answer 29

-When lymphocytes enter and leave the blood