Exercise & Cardiopulm System Flashcards by Francis Mendoza

no oxygenation of blood occurs in this zone

conduction zone

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separation of lunge tissue into a series of discrete conduction zones and transitional respiratory zones

zones of ventilation

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zone of ventilation where gas exchange and blood oxygenation occurs

respiratory/transitional zone

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inspiring as deeply as possible following a normal inspiration

inspiratory reserve volume

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inspiratory reserve volume is about blank liters above inspired tidal air

2.5-3.5

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static lung volume that is after a normal exhalation, continuing to exhale and forcing as much air as possible from the lung 1-1.5 liters

expiratory reserve volume

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functional residual capacity is equal to blank

expiratory reserve volume + Residual lung volume

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functional vital capacity is when you do a maximum blank

inhale

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functional vital capacity equals

residual lung volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

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more breaths per minute causes increase in blank

tidal volume

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these two things decrease when we breathe more during exercise

inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume

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breathing rate x tidal volume =

minute ventilation

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average minute ventilation

6 L

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minute ventilation is increased by increasing the blank or blank of breathing

rate, depth

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tidal volume for trained and untrained individuals rarely exceed blank percent of vital capacity

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portion of inspired air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas exchange

alveolar ventilation

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about blank mL of the blank mL of inspired tidal volume at rest enters and mixes with alveolar air

350, 500

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the remaining 150 - 200 mL of air that does not go into alveoli is stuck in blank

anatomic deadspace

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ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow

ventilation-perfusion ratio

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average V:P ratio is

.84

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V:P ratio in light exercise

about .8

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V:P ratio in intense exercise

5 L

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DESCRIBES the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption

ventilatory equivalent

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higher ventilatory equivalents occur in blank, averaging 32 L

children

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ventilatory equivalent increases more with blank than blank exercise

arm, leg

maximum amount of oxygen consumption

VO2 max

oxygen consumption increases blank with increase in exercise intensity

slightly

the combined and simultaneous effects of several blank and blank stimuli initiate and modulate exercise alveolar ventilation

chemical, neural

phase of minute ventilation in exercise/recovery neurogenic stimuli and feedback from active limbs stimulate medulla to increase ventilation abruptly

phase of minute ventilation in exercise/recovery where minute ventilation plateaus then rises exponentially to meet gas exchange demands

phase of minute ventilation in exercise/recovery fine tuning of steady ventilation through peripheral sensory mechanisms

recovery of ventilation after exercise is blank at first then blank

fast, slower

during liight and moderate exercise, ventilation increases blank with o2 and co2 production

linearly

higher exercise intensities, breathing frequency becomes more blank

important (exponential)

ventilation increases mainly through blank volume

tidal

signifies when blood lactate concentration systematically increases to blank

4.0 mM

lactate threshold is when blank mM shows up in blood

provides a submaximal exercise measure of aerobic fitness that relates to the beginning of anaerobisis in active muscles

OBLA

obla occurs without significant metabolic blank or severe cv strain

acidosis

intense exercise leads to an imbalance between the blank and blank systems

glycolytic, aerobic

intense exercise causes excess produciton of blank ions in ecf and plasma

H+

increase in H+ causes respiratory center to increase blank ventilation

alveolar

increased ventilation means increased blank

oxygen consumption

high intensity exercises have a disproportionate increase in ventilation compared to blank

VO2

ventilation is regulated more by the need to remove blank

CO2

both the blank and blank moderate heart rate at sa node

parasympathetic system, sympathetic system

heart rate typically increases blank with work rate

linearly

max heart rate equals

220 - age (+/- 10)

volume of blood ejected per heart beat

stroke volume

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

stroke volume

stroke volume varies between blank and blank mL per beat

60, 100

maximum stroke volume equals blank mL per beat

100 - 120

any factor that increases venous return or slows the heart produces greater preload during the cardiac cycles blank phase

diastolic

law that states that the hearts force of contraction of the cardiac muscle remains proportional to its initial resting length

frank starling

elevation of systolic blood pressure causes greater blank

systolic ejection

stroke volume increases blank with work rate until it reaches near maximum at blank percent of aerobic capacity then it plateaus

curvilenear, 50%

at super high intensities, stroke volume may actually blank

decrease

cardiac output at rest varies considerably during blank

rest

average cardiac output at rest for males

5 L

average cardiac output at rest for females

4 L

average male heart rate is blank while female is blank

70, 70

average male stroke volume is blank while female is blank

70 mL, 50-60

at exercise intensities up to 50% vo2 max... cardiac output increases are facilitated by increases in both blank and blank

heart rate, stroke volume

exercising at intensities above blank vo2max, increases in cardiac output are due to blank only

heart rate

one fifth of cardiac output goes to blank

muscle

digestive tract, liver, spleen, brain, and kidneys receive major portions of blood during blank

rest

two things that regulate blood flow

local metabolic changes in blood vessels, hormonal changes

at rest the myocardium uses blank percent of the oxygen in the blood flowing through the coronary circulation

during exercise, myocardial blood flow experiences a blank to blank fold increase to meet demands of activity

four, five

cerebral blood flow during exercise increases by blank compared to resting flow

25-30%

low maximal oxygen consumption corresponds closely with a low maximum blank

cardiac output

a 5 to 6 L increase in blood flow accompanies each blank Liter increase in oxygen above the resting level

relationship between cardiac output and oxygen consumption is blank at higher intensities

unchanged

max cardiac output and vo2 max both increase with blank training

endurance

there is a blank increase in systolic blood pressure with increase levels of exercise

linear

maximal systolic values of blood pressure should never exceed blank

250 mmHg

diastolic blood presssure should not exceed blank mmHg

115

artery blood oxygen content is about blank and constant

20 mL

vein blood oxygen content varies between blank and blank from rest to exercise

13 mL, 3 mL

veins lose oxygen during blank but blank dont

exercise, arteries

some tissues temporarily decrease their blankto make more oxygen available

blood supply

describes the gradual time dependent downward drift in several cardiovascular responses, most notably stroke volume with concomitant heart rate increase, during prolonged steady rate exercise

cardiovascular drift

submaximal exercise for more than 15 minutes decreases blank volume which blank stroke volume

plasma, decreases

heart rate increases when blank decreases to maintain a steady cardiac output

stroke volume

stroke volume may increase only slightly during blank phase but increases significantly during blank phase of lifting a weight

concentric, eccentric

during resistance exercise, cardiac output increases due to blank

stroke volume

peak bp and HR for two legged leg press at 95% 1 rep with valsalva maneuver

320/250, 170

isometric contractions are mediated by a blank response

neurogenic

isometric contraction at 20% MVC produce a blank increase in sbp, dbp, and hr

modest

above a 20% mvc hr increases in relation to tension exerted and there is an abrupt increase in blank

SBP

stroke volume remains low unless isometric contraction is blank MVC

50%

highest oxygen consumption during arm exercises is blank than leg exercise

20-30% lower

less heart rate and ventilation during arm exercise because there is blank in arms than legs

less muscle mass

arm exercise oxygen consumption is blank than legs during all submaximal exercises

higher