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Introduction to Sports Medicine > Exercise and Immune Function > Flashcards

Exercise and Immune Function Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

J shaped curve - source

A

Nieman, 1994

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2
Q

S shaped curve - source

A

Malm, 2006

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3
Q

Draw diagram

A

Look at revision notes

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4
Q

Assessing URTI

A

Jackson Score Upper Respiratory Tract Illness Questionnaire

Complete the questionnaire on a daily basis

Numerical values are assigned to the ‘degree of discomfort’ scale

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5
Q

Monitoring infections

A

Diary style questionnaire

Recall questionnaire

Participants contact researcher/health professional when feeling ill

Report to a local clinic for a doctor/nurse evaluation when feeling ill

Objective measurements

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6
Q

Objective measurements

A

Providing specimens

  • nasal swab
  • throat swab
  • mucous
  • sputum

Specimen rated subjectively or objectively for colour, secretion, turgescence

Specimen examined using microbiological culture, microscopy and biochemical techniques

Protein identification/RNA, DNA sequencing

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7
Q

Strategies to reduce chance of infection - source

A

Gleeson & Walsh, 2012

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8
Q

Strategies to reduce chance of infection - Gleeson & Walsh, 2012

A

Prevention better than treatment

Updated on all vaccines needed for home/travel

Minimise contact with infected people and young children

Wash hands regularly

Carry alcohol gel

Do not share water bottles, towels, cups

When abroad, drink bottled water, avoid salad washed in local water

Ensure adequate energy intake - avoid crash diets

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9
Q

1st day of illness - Gleeson & Walsh, 2012

A

Avoid strenuous exercise

Avoid all exercise of experiencing muscle/joint pain, headache, fever, malaise, diarrhoea or vomiting

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10
Q

2nd day of illness - Gleeson & Walsh, 2012

A

Continue to avoid all exercise if experiencing muscle/joint pain, headache, fever, malaise, diarrhoea or vomiting

If there is no worsening of ‘above the collar’ symptoms, undertake light exercise

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11
Q

3rd day of illness - Gleeson & Walsh, 2012

A

If URTI symptoms still present, see GP

If there is no malaise or worsening of symptoms undertake exercise

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12
Q

4th day of illness - Gleeson & Walsh, 2012

A

If there is no symptom release, do not exercise, see GP

If this is first day of improvement, wait one day without fever and for improvement of symptoms before exercising

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13
Q

Measuring external load - source

A

Schwellnus et al., 2016

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14
Q

Measuring external load - Schwellnus et al., 2016

A

Hours of training

Distance run

Weight lifted

Number of games played

Life events

Daily hassles/travel

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15
Q

Measuring internal load - Schwellnus et al., 2016

A

Heart rate

RPE

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16
Q

Schwellnus et al., 2016

A

Subjective measures were more sensitive and consistent for measuring internal load

Important to monitor internal and external loads because athletes may perform more intense training or perceive loads as significantly harder, may lead to maladaptation

Some evidence that changes in external and internal training load associated with increased risk of illness

17
Q

Markers of subclinical exercise

A

Can respond to acute and chronic exercise

Could be used to predict onset of acute illness

None of currently available markers meet the criteria of reliable markers

18
Q

Reliable marker of subclinical exercise needs to be:

A

Highly sensitive

Respond to training load

Unaffected by other factors

Changes should occur before illness

Distinguishable from other adaptations

Relatively easy to measure

Not be invasive

19
Q

Three Pillars of Exercise Immunology

A

Athletes report greater incidence of infections

Mucosal immunity is impaired

Immune cell function is impaired post-exercise

20
Q

Need to assess immune competency with system-levels approach - source

A

Bruunsgard, 1997

21
Q

Need to assess immune competency with system-levels approach - Bruunsgard, 1997

A

22 triathletes, 11 control triathletes, 22 nonathletic controls

Within 30 mins of finishing exercise

  • Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction-response to 7 common antigens
  • Pneumococcal vaccination

Immune response assessed

  • DTH 48 hr after application
  • Antibody response to vaccination after 14 days

May suppress aspects of cell-mediated immunity but not vaccination response.

22
Q

Depletion of nutrients that are immunomodulatory

A

Leucine

Glutamine

Carbohydrate

23
Q

Leucine

A

Can stimulate an intracellular signalling cascade - rapamycin (mTOR)

Rapamycin blocks mTOR pathway signalling

mTOR pathway essential for DNA replication, cell cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion

24
Q

Glutamine

A

Used at very high rates by lymphocytes and macrophages

Provides energy

Acts as precursor for purine and pyrimidine synthesis

Essential to replicate cells such as proliferating lymphocytes

25
Q

Carbohydrate

A

May prevent the release of ‘immune-suppressive’ cytokines

May prevent ‘excessive’ or ‘inappropriate’ immune responses

May slow the rate that other factors are depleted maintaining blood glucose levels

26
Q

Protein supplementation prevent impaired surveillance - source

A

Witard, 2013

27
Q

Protein supplementation prevent impaired surveillance - Witard, 2013

A

Significantly decreased incidence of URTI with high intensity training and protein supplementation in elite cyclists.

28
Q

Carbohydrate limits exercise-induced neuroendocrine disturbances - source

A

Scharhag et al., 2006

29
Q

Carbohydrate limits exercise-induced neuroendocrine disturbances - Scharhag et al., 2006

A

14 male competitive cyclists and triathletes

3 standardised cycling session of 4 hrs

Ingested CHO beverages or placebo

CHO supplementation might attenuate the cortisol response to exercise

CHO supplementation might attenuate the IL-6 response to exercise

The IL-10 response will be less

30
Q

Gleeson et al., 2012

A

Split athletes into illness-prone and illness-free

Significantly greater salivary rate in illness-free group

Significantly greater SigA secretion rate in illness-free group.

Hard to say whether this is due to exercise

31
Q

Immunological aspects of nutrition - source

A

Gleeson, 2016

32
Q

Immunological aspects of nutrition - Gleeson, 2016

A

CHO beverages

Antioxidant vitamins

Vitamin D3 supplements

Plant polyphenols

Probiotics

Colostrum

33
Q

CHO beverages

A

Ingestion during prolonged exercise:

  • lowers circulatory hormone
  • lowers anti-inflammatory hormone
  • delays appearance of symptoms of overreaching

Greater degree of immune depression without it

Maintains saliva flow rate - contains antimicrobial proteins

34
Q

Antioxidant vitamins

A

Regular intake can reduce cortisol and anti-inflammatory cytokine response to prolonged exercise

35
Q

Vitamin D3 supplements

A

Deficiencies lead to:

  • impaired immune function
  • increased respiratory infection risk
  • associated with low saliva IgA secretion, low pro-inflammatory cytokine production by antigen-stimulated blood mononuclear cells
36
Q

Plant polyphenols

A

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogenic, cardio-protective, anti-carcinogenic

Naturally present in apples, pears, green leafy vegetables

37
Q

Probiotics

A

Reduce URI incidence

Fewer days of respiratory illness

Lower severity of URI

38
Q

Colostrum

A

Elevates levels of antibodies in circulation and saliva

Prevents exercise-induced falls in salivary lysozyme

Speeds recovery of neutrophil function after strenuous exercise

Limits increase in gut permeability caused by strenuous exercise

Reduces risk of URI

Introduction to Sports Medicine (13 decks)

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