Exercise 4: Tissues Flashcards
two principal cell types of nervous tissues
neurons,neuroglia
tissues found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
nervous tissues
cells that have the ability to react to various stimuli
neurons or nerve cells
tissues that exhibit the properties of irritability and conductivity
nervous tissues
ability to react to various stimuli
irritability
ability to conduct impulses
conductivity
cells that receive and send information
neurons or nerve cells
number of nerve processes a single neuron may have
one or more
information that is transmitted by neurons
nerve impulses
unbranched, nerve process
axon
branched nerve process
dendrite
nerve process that transmits impulses away from the nerve cell body
axon
nerve process that transmits impulses towards the nerve cell body
dendrite
neuron with only one nerve process
monopolar neuron
neuron with two nerve processes, one axon and one dendrite
bipolar neuron
nerve process with one axon and two or more dendrites
multipolar neuron
cells that do not conduct impulses but serve as supporting tissues
neuroglia
cells that insulate, support and protect different neurons
neuroglia
tissue specialized for contraction
muscular tissue
highly vascularized and innervated tissues
muscular tissue
tissues with the propertiea of extensibility, elasticity, and contractility
muscular tissue
units of histological organization which are cells that have become elongated
fibers
fibers with the ability to contract or shorten producing movement
muscle fibers
three types of muscle tissues
skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
muscular tissues that are striated and voluntary
skeletal muscle tissues
muscular tissues that form long cylindrical units with a multinucleated appearance
skeletal muscle tissues
the nuclei in skeletal muscle tissues are found
along the periphery of the long cylindrical units
muscular tissues that are striated and voluntary
cardiac muscle tissues
muscular tissues composed of smaller, branching cells and may be mononucleated or binucleated
cardiac muscle tissues
muscular tissues characterized by the presence of intercalated disks
cardiac muscle tissues
dark bands where cardiac muscle cells connect end to end
intercalated disks
intercalayed disks are made of
gap junctions
purpose of gap junctions within intercalated disks
facilitates passage of ions from cell to cell that results in rapid conduction of electrical impulse across the heart
muscular tissues that are non-striated and involuntary
smooth muscle tissues
made of spindle or fusiform-shaped cells
smooth muscle tissues
spindle fibers are also called
fusiform-shaped cells
muscular tissues found in the walls of hollow internal structures
smooth muscle tissues
muscular tissues that contracts much more slowly than other muscle types
smooth muscle tissues
most abundant primary tissue in the body
connective tissue
tissue for connecting and binding body parts together
connective tissue
tissue protecting the organs
connective tissue
tissues providing a framework for movement of muscles
connective tissue
tissues serving as insulators
connective tissue
tissues acting as a liquid medium for transporting substances throughout the body
connective tissue
tissues including the loose and dense connective, cartilage and blood
mature connective tissue
matrix of dense and loose connective tissues, bone and blood is made of
different connective tissue
extracellular matrix of loose connective tissues is made of
fibroblasts
extracellular matrix of cartilagenous tissues is made of
chondroblasts
extracellular matrix of cartilagenous tissues is maintaned by
chondrocytes
extracellular matrix of bone tissues is made of
osteoblasts
extracellular matrix of bone tissues is maintained by
osteocytes
extracellular matrix of blood tissues is made of
plasma
enables connective tissues to form packing materials around organs
extracellular matrix
enables connective tissues to bear weight
extracellular matrix
enables connective tissues to withstand abrasion and other abuses
extracellular matrix
enables connective tissues to absorb large amounts of water to serve as a reservoir in the body
extacellular matrix
most connective tissues are highly vascularized
true
tendons and ligaments have no blood supply
falsethey have bad supply of blood
cartilages are vascular
falseavascular
four types of connective tissues
connective tissue proper,cartilages,blood/vascular,bone/osseous
types of loose connective tissues
areolar,reticular,adipose
types of dense connective tissue
dense regular,dense irregular
connective tissue that functions as universal packing material that binds organs together and keeps them in their proper position
areolar connective tissue
most abundant type of connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
connective tissue composed of fibroblasts, collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers in a semi-fluid ground substance
areolar connective tissue
means small open space
areola
when areolar connective tissues are viewed through a microscope
most of the matrix appears to be composed of small empty spaces
connective tissue that is predominantly composed of reticular fibers which are synthesized by reticular cells
reticular connective tissue
fibroblasts that synthesize more reticular fibers than collagenous fibers
reticular connective tissue
forms stroma in lymphoid organs
reticular connective tissue
forms the hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin where it serves as an insulator, protecting the body from extreme heat and cold
adipose connective tissue
contains fibroblasts, ground substance, and adipose cells
adipose connective tissue
characteristic of every adipose cell
signet ring-like appearance
reason of every adipose cell’s apperance
fat that occupies most of the cytoplasm thus pushing the nucleus to one side of the cell
adipose cells are also called
adipocytes
group of adipocytes
adipose lobules
separates adipose lobules
trabeculae
trabeculae are composed of
collagenous and elastic fibers
connective tissue made of extracellular matrix that is packed with collagenous fibers that are compactly arranged in an orderly mannet with fibroblasts squeezed in between collagenous bundles
dense regular connective tissue
forms strong, rope-like structures
dense regular connective tissue
includes tendons that attach muscles to bones and ligaments that connect one bone to another
dense regular connective tissue
consists of densely packed collagenous fibers that are arranged in a disorderly or irregular manner
dense irregular connective tissue
fibroblasts are found in between
collagenous bundles
found in areas where pulling forces are exerted in different directions
dense irregular connective tissue
dense, firm but pliable, avascular type of connective tissue with an extracellular matrix consisting of collagenous and elastic fibers
cartilage
tissue responsible for its tensile strength and gelatinous ground substance
cartilage
provides resiliency
gelatinous ground substance
when chondroblasts secrete fibers and ground substance, they become trapped in lacunae and become
chondrocytes
chondrocytes are nourished through
diffusion from underlying tissues
predominant cartilage of the body
hyaline cartilage
precursor of bones
hyaline cartilage
has a glassy and homogenous appearance
hyaline cartilage
collagenous fibers are predominant and not visible because
its fibers and matrix have same refractive index
chondrocytes may appear singly or in isogenous groups of cells called
cell nests
weakest cartilage
hyaline cartilage
surrounds hyaline cartilage
perichondrium
composed of thread-like network of elastic fibers embedded within the matrix
elastic cartilage
surrounds elastic cartilage
perichondrium
cartilage that provides strength and elasticity
elastic cartilage
cartilage that maintains the shape of structures
elastic cartilage
only cartilage without perichondrium
fibrocartilage
its collagenous bundles are densely packed and arranged in a certain pattern
fibrocartilage
pattern of fibrocartilage’s arrangement of collagenous bundles
fibrocartilage
providedd strength and rigidity
fibrocartilage
strongest type of cartilage
fibrocartilage
found in pubic simphysis
fibrocartilage
forms a cushion-like disk in between vertebrae
fibrocartilage
hardest of the connective tissues
bone or osseous tissue
composed of bone cells
bone or osseous tissue
bone cells are called
osteocytes
osteocytes are lodged in cavities which are surrounded by a layer of very hard matrix
lacunae
components of matrix that surrounds lacunae
calcium salts,collagenous fibers
two types of bone tissue
spongy bone,compact bone
unit of structure of bone tissue
Haversian system
Haversian system is also called
osteon
present in compact bone but are absent in spongy bone which contains large spaces
osteons
extracellular matrix in bones is arranged as little beams called
trabeculae
consists of blood cells, fibers, and matrix
blood or vascular tissue
red blood cells are also called
erythrocytes
white blood cells are also called
leukocytes
contains hemoglobin
red blood cells
forms oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin + oxygen
white blood cells consist of
agranulocytes and granulocytes
agranulocytes is composed of
lymphocytes, monocytes
granulocytes consist of
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
cells involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions
white blood cells
fragments of giant cells
platelets
giant cells whose fragments are platelets
megakaryocytes
participate in blood clotting mechanism
platelets
when precipitated as ____, soluble protein molecules of blood become evident as ____
fibrin clot; fibers
liquid matrix that bathes the cells
plasma
liquid portion of unclotted blood
plasma
liquid part of clotted blood
serum
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
tissues
four fundamental types of tissues
epithelial,connective,muscular,nervous
lining, covering, and glandular tissues of the body
epithelial tissue
tissues that exhibit cellularity
epithelial tissue
tissue that perform protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion functions
epithelial tissue
fit closely together to form compact cells arranged in continuous sheets
epithelial cells
membranes of epithelial tissue consist of
apical surface
free or unattached end
apical surface
apical surface is exposed to either
body’s exterior, orcavity of an internal organ
epithelial tissues are vascular
falseavascular
through what process and from where do epithelial tissue get nourishment
diffusion; capillaries of underlying connective tissues
types of epithelial cells
squamous,cuboidal,columnar,transitional
types of epithelial layers
simple,stratified
one layer of squamous cells
simple squamous epithelium
cells fit closely together like floor tiles
simple squamous epithelium
one layer of cuboidal cells
simple cuboidal epithelium
made of single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide
simple columnar epithelium
goblet cells are present in this tissue
simple columnar epithelium
secretes mucus for lubrication
goblet cells
appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells, all of which touch the basement membrane although not all reach the apex
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
most common of the stratified epithelia and consist of several layers
stratified squamous epithelium
in stratified squamous epithelium, cells closed to the basement membrane tend to be
cuboidal or columnar
in stratified squamous epithelium, cells in apical layer tend to be
squamous
rare types of epithelia
stratified columnar epithelium,stratified cuboidal epithelium
has two cell layers and the apical layer are cuboidal in shape
stratified columnar epithelium
has basal cells varying in size and shape and columnar apical cells
stratified columnar epithelium
highly modified, stratified type of epithelium
transitional epithelium
when organ is not stretched
umbrella-shaped or dome-like cells
when organ is distended or stretched
epithelium thins and cells become large squamous
fills spaces between ducts, organs and nerves
areolar connective tissue
motile, finger-like structure
cilia
brush border
microvilli
non-motile, shorter than cilia
microvilli
non-motile, branched, increases surface area
sterocilia
diffusion and filtration takes place
simple squamous
secrets slippery fluid to reduce damage of friction in cavity linings
simple squamous
carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, secretion
simple cuboidal
contain organelles that perform complex functions
simple columnar
unstretched state of transitional
stratified, cuboidal
stretched state of transitional
squamous
protects against abrasion
stratified squamous
barrier against infection
simple squamous
accomodates fluctuation in volume of the liquid
transitional
covers end of bone
hyaline cartilage
living cells and mineralized matrix
bone
matrix of blood
plasma
