Exercise Flashcards
Disadvantages of exercising too little
-increases risk of obesity (increased BMI)
-increases incidence of coronary heart disease
-increases prevalence of type 2 diabetes
Why can’t say one factor causes another with correlational data
As could be other reasons for trend eg people may do less physical activity because they’re obese
Disadvantages of doing too much exercise
-wear and tear of joints (number of hospital admissions for osteoarthritis is greater in elite athletes, but could be because they may be more likely to injure themselves in competitions leading to arthritis)
-suppression of the immune system(number and activity of T killer/phagocytes/B and T cells reduced) but elite athletes may be exposed to lots of infections when competing a lot
Why do a lot of injuries happen when playing sports
Because the body’s put under a lot of stress eg fast running/hard tackles. Causes cartilage to wear away so bones grind against each other and knee cap doesn’t glide smoothly across femur and fluid sac between joints can swell pushing against other tissue in joint
What is keyhole surgery
Way of doing surgery without making a large incision in the skin and insert a tiny video camera and specialised medical instruments through incision into the body
Advantages of keyhole surgery over regular
-don’t involve making large incisions so lose less blood and less scarring of the skin
-usually in less pain after their operation and recover more quickly as less damage done
-easier for patient to return to normal activities and their hospital stay is shorter
What are the cruciate ligaments
Ligaments found in the middle of the knee connecting the thigh bone to lower leg bone
How can damaged cruciate ligaments be fixed
Damaged ligament removed and replaced with graft (likely to be tendon in patients leg)
What can prostheses be used to replace
Whole limbs (eg artificial leg) or parts of limbs (eg artificial hip joint replace damaged one)
How can prostheses be operated
Some include electronic devices that operate the prosthesis by picking up info sent by the nervous system eg artificial hand with electronic device allowing user to move fingers
How can damaged knee joint be replaced
-by prosthetic joint, metal device inserted into the knee to replace damaged cartilage and bone
-knee joint and ends of leg bone replaced to provide smooth knee joint, cushioning in new joint helps to reduce impact on the knee
-allows them to move around and participate in low impact sports
What is a URT
Upper respiratory tract infection
Why can moderate exercise by beneficial
-increases number and activity of T killer cells, provides non-specific immunity
-increases arterial vasodilation which reduced bp and risk of CHD and stroke
-reduced LDL and increases HDL level
-increases sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin improves blood glucose regulation and reduced risk of T2 diabetes
-increases bone density which slows develop of osteoporosis
