Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis

Question 1

Why is energy released by respiration

Answer 1

-as the product bonds have higher bond energy than reactant bonds

Question 2

How is respiration different in prokaryotes

Answer 2

Do not use mitochondria as have no membrane bound organelles

Question 3

Uses of energy from respiration

Answer 3

-metabolic reactions
-movement (make muscles contract)
-transport of substances in phloem in plants
-maintaining body temp
-cell division
-move molecules against concentration gradients

Question 4

What is an anabolic reaction

Answer 4

Making smaller molecules into larger ones, requires energy as it makes bonds

Question 5

What is a catabolic reaction

Answer 5

Breaker larger molecules into smaller ones, releases energy as it is breaking bonds

Question 6

Role of outer mitochondrial membrane

Answer 6

Separated the contents of the mitochondria from the rest of the cell, compartmentalisation resulting in ideal conditions inside mitochondria for aerobic respiration

Question 7

Role of inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 7

Contains electron transport chains and ATP synthase, folded so large SA

Question 8

What are Cristae

Answer 8

Projections of the inner membrane of mitochondria which increases the surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

What is matrix

Answer 9

Contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle and the link reactions and contains mitochondrial DNA

Question 10

What is the inter membrane space in mitochondria

Answer 10

Protons are pumped into this space by the electron transport chain, space is small so concentration builds up quickly

Question 11

Why does matrix contain mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

Answer 11

To make some of the proteins needed in mitochondria eg enzymes for respiration

Question 12

Explain first step of aerobic respiration- glycolysis

Answer 12

1.phosphorylation
-2 ATP used to release 2 Pi which attach to a glucose molecule to form hexose biphosphate
2. Lysis
-hexose biphosphate unstable so splits into two triose phosphates
3. Phosphorylation
Another phosphate from free Pi in cytoplasm added to each triose phosphate to form two triose bisphosphate
4. Dehydrogenation and formation of ATP
-2 triose bisphosphate oxidised by removal of H+ from each (accepted by NAD to form overall 2 reduced NAD) to form 2 pyruvate molecules, four Pi (2 from each) removed and used to make 4 ATP

Question 13

Overall products of glycolysis

Answer 13

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 reduced NAD

Question 14

What is a coenzyme

Answer 14

Non-protein part of enzyme that aids with enzymes activity, requires to transfer protons, electrons or functional groups in respiration

Question 15

What is oxidation

Answer 15

Loss of electrons/H+

Question 16

What is substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 16

When ATP made by molecules donating Pi with no ETC involved and ATP synthase involved

Question 17

Differences between glycolysis and photophosphorylation

Answer 17

-glycolysis is substrate level phosphorylation so doesn’t require ETC, photo does and also requires light energy

Question 18

What is dehydrogenation in glycolysis

Answer 18

Removal of H+ from the triose bisphosphate to form pyruvate along with the loss of phosphates

Question 19

Where does glycolysis occur

Answer 19

Cytoplasm