Executieve Functies

Question 1

What is the self-ordered pointing task?

Answer 1

Participants must point to a new object on a trial and thus maintain a working memory for previously selected items

Question 2

What is the FAS test?

Answer 2

A test of verbal fluency in which participants must generate words beginning with a letter (e.g. F) in a limited amount of timr (1 min)

Question 3

What is the Stroop Test?

Answer 3

Response interference from naming the ink color of a written color name (e.g. the word BLUE is printed in red ink and participants are asked to say the ink color, i.e. “red”)

Question 4

What is the Go/No-go Test?

Answer 4

A test of response inhibition in which participants must respond to a frequent stimulus (go trials) but withhold a response to another stimulus (no-go trials)

Question 5

What is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test?

Answer 5

A test of executive functions involving rule induction and rule use (you get cards with colors, shapes and numbers, you ask to sort them, person starts by color, you say it’s wrong so they shift to numbers, etc. People with damage to the PFC can’t make that switch –> perseveration)

Question 6

What is task-switching?

Answer 6

Discarding a previous schema and establishing a new one

Question 7

What is the switch cost and what is an example?

Answer 7

A slowing of response time due to discarding a previous schema and setting up a new one.
Example: bilinguals find it harder to switch from L2 to L1 than from L1 to L2. From hard to easy is a greater switch cost, inhibiting the old (harder) task is more difficult than setting up the new (harder) task

Question 8

What is the Tower of London (task)?

Answer 8

Task requiring beads to be moved from an initial position to a specified endpoint. Performance can be measured in terms of time to complete the task or number of moves taken

Question 9

What is the Iowa Gambling Task?

Answer 9

Psychological task thought to stimulate real-life decision making. Two decks of cards, they differ from each other in the balance of reward vs penalty cards, without the participants knowing (orbito-frontal cortex)

Question 10

What does the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) at the left side do?

Answer 10

Ophalen en vasthouden van semantische en/of linguistische informatie

Question 11

What does the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) at the right side do?

Answer 11

Ophalen en vasthouden van visuele en/of spatiële informatie

Question 12

What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) at the left side do?

Answer 12

Het selecteren van toepasselijke responsen, het onderdrukken van niet relevante responsen en het manipuleren van inhoud in het werkgeheugen

Question 13

What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) at the right side do?

Answer 13

Monitoren en controleren van informatie die in gedachte wordt gehouden, met name in situaties van onzekerheid, vigilantie en volgehouden aandacht

Question 14

What does the anterior prefrontal cortex/frontal pool/rostral prefrontal cortex do?

Answer 14

Multi-tasken en het behouden van toekomstige intenties/doelen tijdens het uitvoeren van andere taken of subdoelen

Question 15

What does the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) do?

Answer 15

Monitoren in situaties van responseconflict en foutdetectie

Question 16

What does the orbito-frontal cortex do?

Answer 16

Executieve verwerking van emotionele stimuli (e.g. evaluating rewards and risks, Iowa Gambling Task)

Question 17

What is delay discounting?

Answer 17

The tendency for future rewards to have less subjective value than the same reward received now (or in the nearer future). Like choosing to go on holiday now or to save money for a holiday next year.

Question 18

What is the multiple-demand network?

Answer 18

A set of brain regions in the lateral prefrontal and parietal lobes activated by a large range of tasks relative to baseline

Question 19

What is neuroeconomics?

Answer 19

The use of neuroscientific methods and theories to account for economic decision making

Question 20

What is the ultimatum game?

Answer 20

A two-player game in which one player proposes a split of money and a responder either accepts the money and obtains the agreed split, or rejects it and both players get nothing

Question 21

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

Answer 21

Fluid: Flexible thinking and problem-solving in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge
Crystallized: the ability to use prior expertise and knowledge

Question 22

What is sustained attention?

Answer 22

Maintaining focus on the task requirements over a period of time

Question 23

What is error-related negativity?

Answer 23

An ERP (event-related potential) component in EEG that can be detected at the scalp when an error is made (100 ms after)

Question 24

What do the left PFC and right PFC do?

Answer 24

Left PFC: task-setting
Right PFC: task-monitoring

Question 25

What is the cognitive correction mechanism?

Answer 25

Na een verkeerde respons is de daaropvolgende poging trager en nauwkeuriger. Dorsale deel van de anterior cingulate cortex speelt hierin een rol. Neurale activiteit neemt hier toe bij foutdetectie. Zichtbaar in een piek in het ERP rond 100 ms na het maken van een fout, de zogenaamde error-related negativity