Aandacht

Question 1

What is inattentional blindness?

Answer 1

A failure to be aware of a visual stimulus because attention is driven away from it (gorilla video by Simon & Chabris)

Question 2

What is change blindness?

Answer 2

A failure to notice the appearance or disappearance of objects between two alternating images (Simon & Levin). Dit gebeurt in de pariëtale hersengebied. Dit ligt buiten het centrale visuele systeem, de beperking van ons aandachtssysteem heeft dus niks te maken met visie

Question 3

What does salient mean?

Answer 3

Any aspect of a stimulus that, for whatever reason, stands out from the rest

Question 4

What is the difference between covert and overt orienting?

Answer 4

Covert orienting: the movement of attention from one location to another without moving the eyes or head
Overt orienting: the movement of attention from one location to another accompanied by movement of the eyes or body

Question 5

What is inhibition of return?

Answer 5

Posner cueing task, three boxes, light cue helps at 150 ms, attention is held, but not 300 ms before target appears, attention is lost. A slowing of reaction time associated with going back to a previously attended location

Question 6

What is the difference between exogenous and endogenous orienting?

Answer 6

Exogenous: attention that is externally guided by a stimulus
Endogenous: attention is guided by the goal of the perceiver

Question 7

What is attentional blink?

Answer 7

An inability to report a target stimulus if it appears soon after another target stimulus

Question 8

What is a saccade?

Answer 8

A fast, ballistic movement of the eyes

Question 9

What does LIP stand for and what does it do?

Answer 9

Lateral intraparietal area, plays an important role in attention, contains neurons that respond to salient stimuli in the environment and are used to plan eye movements. Exo+endogenous attention. Multisensory, visual+auditory, responds to stimuli that are unexpected and stimuli that are task-relevant.

Question 10

What is the role of the salience map?

Answer 10

In the LIP, a spacial layout that emphasizes the most behaviorally relevant stimuli in the environment

Question 11

What does FEF stand for and what does it do?

Answer 11

Frontal Eye Field, part of the frontal lobes responsible for voluntary movement of the eyes

Question 12

What does TPJ stand for?

Answer 12

Temporoparietal junction

Question 13

What does VFC stand for?

Answer 13

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 14

What is pseudo-neglect?

Answer 14

In a non-lesioned brain there is over-attention to the left side of space. This suggests that the right parietal lobe is more specialized for spacial attention than the left (hemispheric asymmetry). Non lesioned people tend to bump their right side more often.

Question 15

What is the difference between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness?

Answer 15

Phenomenal c: the “raw” feeling of a sensation, the content of awareness
Access c: the ability to report on the content of awareness

Question 16

What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up?

Answer 16

Top/up: brain
Down/bottom: body
Top-down –> from brain to action, aspects of attention, regions involved in executive control, je kan de kleur benoemen
Bottom-up –> from outside to brain, vanuit je zintuigen naar je brein, aspects of attention, regions involved in perceptual processing, je ziet de kleur en kan het herkennen

Question 17

What are a few examples of Feature integration theory and who thought of it?

Answer 17

Treisman, spacial attention
Pop-out: the ability to detect an object among distractor objects in situations in which the number of distractors presented is unimportant (find the T, in a group of a lot of H)
Illusoru conjunctions: a situation in which visual features of two different objects are incorrectly perceived as being associated with a single object (you see a blue H and a red E and think you saw a red H)

Question 18

What is the difference between early and late selection?

Answer 18

Early s: a theory of attention in which information is selected according to perceptual attributes (color or pitch)
Late s: a theory of attention in which all incoming information is processed up to the level of meaning (semantics) before being selected for further processing

Question 19

What is negative priming?

Answer 19

If an ignored object suddenly becomes the attended object, then participants are slower at processing it

Question 20

What is the biased competition theory and who thought of it?

Answer 20

Desimone and Duncan, attention is a broad set of neural mechanisms working to resolve competition for perceptual processing and control of behavior

Question 21

What is spacial extinction?

Answer 21

Patients with a parietal lesion tend to accurately report a single stimulus on the right or left. When presented with two stimuli, the patient may report seeing the object on the right but not on the left. Ability to see on the left side is not lost, but the good side is biased.

Question 22

What is the premotor theory and who thought of it?

Answer 22

Rizzolatti, the orienting of attention is nothing more than the preperation of motor actions (spacial attention)

Question 23

What is Balint’s syndrome?

Answer 23

A severe difficulty in spacial processing, normally following bilateral lesions of the parietal lobes. Symptoms include simultanagnosia (only seeing one object at a time), optuc ataxia (inability to use vision to guide hand action), and optic apraxia (fail to make appropriate eye movements)

Question 24

What is simultanagnosia and what is the cause?

Answer 24

Inability to perceive more than one object at a time, extreme form of perceptual competition due to a limited spacial selection capacity

Question 25

What is the difference between egocentric and allocentric space?

Answer 25

Egocentric space: a map of space coded relative to the position of the body
Allocentric space: a map of space coding the locations of objects and places relative to each other

Question 26

What is the difference between object-based neglect and space-based neglect?

Answer 26

Object-based neglect: not seeing the left side of objects (draws everything in the room, but only the right half of each object)
Space-based neglect: not seeing anything on the left (draws only the right side of the room)