excretory system & metabolism

Question 1

6 functions of the kidney

Answer 1

Ion balance, Osmotic balance, blood pressure, pH balance, excretion, hormone production

Question 2

Nephron

Answer 2

the functional unit of the kidney

Question 3

where does blood enter glomerulus from

Answer 3

branch of renal artery

Question 4

what does not pass through glomerulus

Answer 4

proteins

Question 5

4 processes involved in urine formation

Answer 5

Filtration
Reabsorption (urine -> blood)
Secretion (blood -> urine)
Excretion

Question 6

reabsorption

Answer 6

Recovery of substances from the lumen of the tubule (urine -> blood)
Most molecules are reabsorbed through a combination of facilitated diffusion and active transport

Question 7

Secretion

Answer 7

transferring solutes from the blood into the
tubule lumen.
Uses transporters found in the cells that line the lumen
Most important secretory products are K+, NH4+, and H+

Question 8

where does filtration occur

Answer 8

glomerulus

Question 9

main hormones involved in excretion

Answer 9

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Aldosterone

Question 10

Anabolism

Answer 10

metabolic reactions that build up and require
energy(= endothermic reactions)
Example-developing muscle

Question 11

Catabolism

Answer 11

metabolic reactions that break down and
release energy(= exothermic reactions).
Example- glycolysis

Question 12

cellular respiration

Answer 12

the breakdown of nutrients to carbon dioxide and water

Question 13

3 types of carbohydrates

Answer 13

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 14

where is unused glucoses stored

Answer 14

liver and muscle. stored as glycogen

Question 15

main component of plant material

Answer 15

carbohydrates

Question 16

can carbohydrates be broken down in the rumen/caecum?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

end products of carbohydrate fermentation

Answer 17

VFA (volatile fatty acids) absorbed and used for energy

Question 18

end products of fat digestion

Answer 18

monoglycerides and free fatty acids, both are absorbable units of fat

Question 19

where are triglycerides stored

Answer 19

adipose tissue

Question 20

are proteins more or less effective as an energy source

Answer 20

less. they are needed for other functions

Question 21

do enzymes work intracellular or extracellular

Answer 21

both

Question 22

enzymes prefer what type of enviornment

Answer 22

neutral pH and not too warm.

Question 23

3 main sources for ATP

Answer 23

Glycogen, Glucose, Fatty acids

Question 24

ATP consists of

Answer 24

adenosine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

Question 25

where is energy contained in ATP

Answer 25

contained in the bonds of the phosphate groups. Release of 1 P from ATP leaves ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a single phosphate (used for making more ATP)

Question 26

four stages of aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 26

glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, citric acid cycle, electron transport and chemiosmosis

Question 27

glycolosis

Answer 27

Series of reactions in which glucose/glycogen is turned into lactic acid

Question 28

Formation of acetyl
CoA
(in mitochondria)

Answer 28

Pyruvate is degraded and combined with
coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA; hydrogen
atoms are transferred to carriers, CO2 is
released.

Question 29

Citric acid cycle (in
mitochondria)

Answer 29

Series of reactions in which the acetyl portion
of acetyl CoA is degraded to CO2; hydrogens
atoms are transferred to carriers; ATP is
synthesized.

Question 30

Electron transport and
chemiosmosis
(in mitochondria)

Answer 30

Chain of several electron transport molecules;
electrons are passed along chain; released
energy is used to form a proton gradient; ATP is
synthesized as protons diffuse down the
gradient; oxygen is final electron acceptor

Question 31

Which components are higher in urine vs primary urine

Answer 31

Salt, Urea

Question 32

Which components are lower in urine vs primary urine

Answer 32

Amino Acids, Glucose

Question 33

Which are not present in urine or primary urine

Answer 33

Proteins

Question 34

Glycogenisis

Answer 34

Formation of Glycogen from glucose for storage