Excretory System

Question 1

Kidney

Answer 1

Key organ of the urinary system

Responsible for Water and Electrolyte Balance as well as the excretion of nitrogenous wastes.

Question 2

Renal Artery

Answer 2

carries oxygenated blood that contains nitrogenous waste from the aorta to the kidney

Question 3

Renal Vein

Answer 3

carries deoxygenated blood free of nitrogenous waste from the kidney to the inferior vena cava

Question 4

Ureter

Answer 4

carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Question 5

Urethra

Answer 5

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Question 6

Nephron

Answer 6

the functional unit of the kidney

starts in the cortex and ends in the medulla

filter the blood, remove waste, and re-sorb ions, nutrients and water

Question 7

Cortex

Answer 7

outer layer of the kidney

Question 8

Medulla

Answer 8

inner region of the kidney

Question 9

Major Nephron Regions (5)

Answer 9

Renal Corpuscle
Proximal Tube
Loop of Henle
Distal Tube
Collecting Duct

Question 10

Renal Corpuscle

Answer 10

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule,

forms filtrate (pre-urine) consisting of ions, nutrients, waters and water

Question 11

Proximal Tube

Answer 11

Has epithelial cells that reabsorb nutrrinst, ions and water from the filtrate into the blood

Question 12

Loop of Henle

Answer 12

establishes strong osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop

Question 13

Distal Tube

Answer 13

Reabsirbs ions and water in regulated manner
Help maintain water and electrolyte balance according to the body’s needs

Question 14

Collecting Duct

Answer 14

reabsorbs more water to maintain homeostasis
Urea moves from urine to the interstitial fluid at the base of the collecting duct

Question 15

Glomerulus

Answer 15

cluster of capillaries in the renal corpuscle that brings blood to the nephron from the renal artery

Question 16

Bowman’s Capsule

Answer 16

region of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus.

Question 17

Aldosterone

Answer 17

steroid hormone released from the adrenal gland
central role in the regulation of blood Na+ and K+ levels (-> of blood pressure )

Question 18

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 18

also called vasopressin
is a peptide hormone released from the pituitary gland
that controls water retention

Question 19

Ion and Water movement in the proximal fluid

Answer 19

Question 20

How does the Loop of Henle work?

Answer 20

1. As the fluid travels down the descending limb, water passively transports out of the loop and into the interstitial membrane.
   At the bottom of the loop, the inside and outside have a high osmolarity. Water does not leave because the membrane of the ascending limb is almost impermeable to water.
2. Fluid loses Na+ and Cl- ions through passive transport in the thin ascending limb.
3. Near the cortex, osmolarity in the surrounding fluid is low, so the ions need to be actively transported out of the loop

Question 21

Malpighian tubules form pre-urine, which is further processed by which of the following anatomical structures?

Answer 21

hindgut

Question 22

Proximal Tube vs Distal Tube

Answer 22

The function of the proximal tubule is essentially the reabsorption of filtrate in accordance with the needs of homeostasis (equilibrium),

The distal part of the nephron and collecting duct are mainly concerned with the detailed regulation of water, electrolyte, and hydrogen-ion balance.

Question 23

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 23