Excretion (the liver) q's

Question 1

Answer 1

A- hepatic vein as blood leaving liver
B- hepatic artery as blod entering liver through narrow vessel
C- hepatic portal vein as blood from gut entering liver through branched vessel

Question 2

Answer 2

i) mitochondrion
ii) - facilitated diffusion : conversion of orrnithine into citrulline creates conc gradients
- molecules are not lipid soluble so require protient channels to cross membrane
- active transport: ornithine + citrulline need to be moves into + out of mitochondrion , more quickly than would be met by diffusion

Question 3

hoe has the ammonia that is used in step 1 been formed?

Answer 3

deamination / removal of NH2 group from amino acid

Question 4

identify the compound labelled X

Answer 4

ATP

Question 5

Answer 5

pH
temperature
hydrogen peroxide conc

Question 6

how could u control temp + pH + substrate conc

Answer 6

pH
- take pH reading
temp
-same temp for all enzyme conc tested
substrate conc
- use same conc + vol of hydrogen peroxide for all enzyme conc tested

Question 7

using the info , deduce why+ how catalase activity is regulated inside the liver cells

Answer 7

why:
-large quanitities of H202 + high turnover no. of catalase would mean vigorous reaction + lost of O2 produced very quickly
How
- isolation of catalase in peroximes
- released in small quantities
- cells can limit expression of catalase
- this effectively limits enzymes conc+ therefore reduces reaction rate
-cells have no control over temp/ substrate conc so enzyme conc is the only method of control

Question 8

Answer 8

D- pyruvate
E - lactate

Question 9

what is the role of pyruvate in anerobic respiration

Answer 9

is a hydrogen acceptor

Question 10

why is it important that NAD us formed during the reaction in which pyruvate is converted into lactate in aerobic respiration

Answer 10

• for glycolysis to take place NAD is required
• there is a limited amount of NAD in the cell
• formation of NAD allows glycolysis to continue

Question 11

lactate is toxic + removved from the muscke cells . its transported to an organ in the body. which organ is lactate transported to + how does it reach the organ

Answer 11

• liver + in the blood

Question 12

Answer 12

pyruvate
krebs
liver
link
ATP

Question 13

Answer 13

• large holes in tissues
• cell death
• sinusoids not present

Question 14

how can you tell an image was taken by a TEM

Answer 14

-2D image
- internal details visible
- ultrastructures visible
- high magnification
- high resolution

Question 15

Answer 15

• phloem =B ; contains sucrose , sucrose brocken down to monosaccharides
• Liver =A ; doesnt contain starch

Question 16

Answer 16

w - hepatic
x - pancreatic
y- skeltal muscle

Question 17

explian why bilirubin production +processing is an ex of excretion

Answer 17

• bilirubin is a metabolic waste product
• as produced from haem
• bilirubin removed from the body

Question 18

Answer 18

n - central vein
o - liver cell

Question 19

the walls of the structure labbeled M are lined w/ cells. suggest+ explain how these cells are adapted to carry out their function

Answer 19

• thin cells so short diffusion distance
• fenestrated , increases permeability