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EXAM Q'S - MODULE 5 > Animal responses e'q > Flashcards

Animal responses e'q Flashcards

1
Q

Suggest 4 symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) that might not be present in people with Guillian-Barre syndrome

A
  • greater loss of memory due to damage of cerebrum
  • greater loss of balance due to damage to cerebellum
  • greater loss of temp control due to damage to hypothalamus
  • greater loss of controlling heart rate due to damage to medulla oblongata
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2
Q

Suggest and describe how the function of neuromuscular junctions will be affected by multiple sclerosis and guillian-barre syndrome

A
  • lower rate of AP
  • no acetylcholine released
  • less neurotransmitters binding to receptors
  • less depolarisation of post synaptic membrane
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3
Q

Normal human resting heart rate - 70bpm. Cutting the parasympathetic nerve to the heart increases this to approx 100 bpm. suggest 2 conclusions that could be made from this observation about the control of resting heart rate in normal humans

A
  • heart rate controlled by nervous system
  • parasympathetic nerve reduces heart rate
  • heart rate reduces by approx 30 bpm
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4
Q

outline how injury to hypothalamus and pituitary is able to cause such a wide range of symptoms

A
  • produces a wide range of hormones
  • affect other endocrine glands
  • damage to pituitary means reduction in reproductive hormones, which leads to menstrual irregularities
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5
Q

Suggest why it can be difficult for a doctor to conclude that the symptoms described for hypothalamus + pituitary are definitely caused by damage to parts of the brain

A
  • damage to other endocrine glands could cause similar symptoms
  • symptoms caused by other disease
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6
Q

identify 3 cell signalling molecules involved in fight or flight

A

ACTH
Cortisol
adrenaline

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7
Q

response to smooth muscle in bronchioles

A

muscle relaxes

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8
Q

role in ‘flight or fight’ response for smooth muscle in bronchioles

A

bronchioles dilate and allow more oxygen to reach blood

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9
Q

response of Sinoatrial node

A

increases rate of firing impulses

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10
Q

role in the ‘fight or flight’ response of sino atrial node

A

increased heart rate circulates blood more quickly

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11
Q

response of liver cell

A

increases glycogenolysis

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12
Q

role in the ‘fight or flight’ response of liver cell

A

makes more glucose avaliable for respiration

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13
Q

response of erector muscle in skin

A

contraction of muscle

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14
Q

role in the ‘fight or flight’ response of the erector muscle in skin

A

causes hairs to be raised and so makes animals look larger /more aggressive

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15
Q

describe the sequence of actions that occur once adenylyl cyclase is activated in the target liver cells

A

catalyse synthesis of cylic AMP from ATP
Cyclic AMP activates enzyme responsible for conversion of glycogen to glucose

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16
Q

suggest the long term adverse effects of continued exposure to stress on body function

A
  • prolonged high blood pressure can lead to cardiovascular problems
  • prolonged high blood sugar can lead to diabetes
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17
Q

suggest how the moro reflex helps to prevent harm to a newborn baby (spread of arms and bring them tgt then cries)

A

allows baby to try to hold on
crying draws attention to the baby

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18
Q

describe a reflex response a 3 yr old child would make to an object moving towards their eyes and explain the advantage of this response

A
  • blinking
  • involuntary: prevents damage to eyes
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19
Q

describe the components and events involved in a relfex arc

A

AP in sensory neurone
synapse involved
neurotransmitter across to the relay neurone
nervous impulse in motor neurone passes to effector

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20
Q

suggest one benefit to the squid of the reflex response (correct the squids body position)

A

maintains balance

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21
Q

what can you conclude about the mechanism by which a statocyst acts as a transducer

A
  • kinetic energy converted
  • to electrical energy
  • movment of statolith moves sensory hairs
  • membrane of sensory hairs depolarises
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22
Q

evaluate the extent to which a group of species evolved from a common ancestor are classified in the same phylum due to all of them having statocysts

A

support is weak - classification based on phylogeny ; statocysts could have evolved on more than one occasion

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23
Q

descibr

A
24
Q

Describe how the endo crine and nervous system work together to increase water reabsorption from th collecting duct (6 marker)

A

endocrine system - hypthalamus causes release of ADH from pituitary aldosterone released from adrenal cortex, ADH released from pituitary gland, ADH bonds to receptors on the cell membranes of collecting duct + this increases permeability to water (regulated by aquaporins)
Nervous system - hypothalamus is part of NS, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect a lower water potential in blood, ADH is produced in the hypothalamus , posterier pitutary is extension of hypothalamus
Aldosterone- sodium ions pumped out of collecting duct cells into tissue fluid +k+ ions pumped in , lowers water potential in tissue fluid , conc grad established, Na+ reabsorbed from the collecting duct lumen , water diffuses into collecting duct cells

25
Q

explain how it is possible for Acetylcholine (ACh) to have an effect on cells in the skin of the squid

A

travels in blood
binds to receptors on skin cell surface
causes formation of secondary messenger

26
Q

state which subdivsion of the PNS supplies the SAN

A

Autonomic

27
Q

suggest and explain improvements that the student could make to his experimental method and his presentation of data

A

method: sample size should be increased to improve the accuracy and repeatability of the results, same number of subjects for smokers to make comparison more valid, gender should be tested separtly bc HR may show an overall difference between genders , diet should be controlled as these can affect HR , more repeats before calculating mean to identify anomalies
Presentations: units included to show that measurments made using same method , no. of sf same to standarise the level of precision, present data graphically to spot trends more ealsiy

28
Q

summary for control of heart rate

A

HR low,
level of carbonic acid in blood becomes higher
sympathetic nerve send AP to SAN to incr contraction rate of heart muscle
the chemoreceptors in the walls of blood vessel detect that pH of blood is normal
so HR returns to rest

29
Q

suggest why reduced heart rate is sometimes seen in people who are very aerobically fit

A

increased stroke volume
increased volume of ventricle
increased thickness of heart muscle

30
Q

suggest how these sprinters can expend so much energy without needing to carry out aerobic respiration

A
  • cells are able to tolerate low pH
  • have high phosphocreatine stores
  • use of stored ATP
31
Q

tissues where glucose is removed from the blood in response to insulin

A
  • skeletal
  • liver
32
Q

explain why glucose is required for the contraction of skeletal muscle

A
  • glucose needed for respiration to produce ATP
  • ATP needed in muscle for contraction for breaking cross bridges between myosin and actin
  • ATP hydrolysed to ADP + Pi to reset myosin heads
  • ATP for active transport of calcium ions back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
33
Q
A

incr BP: capilaries burst, O2 supply reduced , cellls cannot respire leading to cell death
thrombosis: clot reduces blood flow , cells deprived of O2, cells cannot respire (leading to cell death)

34
Q
A

if stroke caused by a bleed then the drug will incr the bleeding / be ineffective as a treatment ( to prevent bleeding)

35
Q
A
  • disruption of O2 supply to brain cells for aerobic respiration damage to:
  • cerebellum resulting in problems w/ movement
  • cerebrum: resulting in loss of memory
    -medulla resulting in paralysis of body below the neck
36
Q

where precisely are acetylcholine receptors found

A

postsynaptic membrane in neurone

37
Q

suggest + explain the effect that nicotine has on the nervous system

A
  • effect: nicotine slows down rate of tranmission of AP
  • explain: binds to receptors, nicotine has the same response/causes depolarisation, nicotine remains in receptor , receptor remains in refractory stage for longer
38
Q
A

i) protein
ii) synaptic cleft
iii) acetylcholine esterase

39
Q
A
  • mitochondria
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • lactic acid
  • creatine phosphate
  • cross bridge
  • myosin head
40
Q
A

C, D, B, E

41
Q
A
  • Muscle contract in antagonistic pairs
  • tendons connect muscle to bone
  • ligaments hold bones together
  • cartilage reduces friction
  • synovial membrae secretes fluid
  • synovial fluid is a lubricant
42
Q

outline the organisation + roles of the autonomic nervous systems in mammals

A
  • 2 parts are sympathetic + parasympathetic
  • S has short preganlionic neurone but P has long preganglionic neurone
  • S uses noradrenaline but P uses acetylcholine at organ
  • S stress but P rest
  • S inreases HR but P reduces this
  • S increased rate of breathing but P reduces this
  • S increases airway diameter but P reduces it
  • S incr blood flow to skeletal muscle but P incr blood flow to gut
  • S for orgasm but P for sexual arousal
  • S dilates pupils but P constricts pupils
  • S makes liver release glucose but P makes liver take up glucose
  • P allows digestion , but S reduces it
43
Q

give 2 reasons why both plant + animals need to be able to respond to changes in their environment

A
  • to avoid abiotic stress
  • to avoid being eaten
  • both to access resources
44
Q

state 3 diffferences in the ways in which plant + manmmalian hormones operate

A

(M) made in endocring glands Vs (P) made in many plant tissues
(M) moves in blood Vs (P) moves in xylem
(M) act on target tissues Vs (P) act on root tissues
(M) act more rapidly

45
Q

explain why dwarfism can be described as a genetic condition

A
  • inheritied
  • caused by mutation
46
Q

explain why steriod hormone can diffuse through cell membranes

A

non polar
so can move directly through phospholipid bilayer

47
Q
A

E, C, B, H, F, A, G, D

48
Q
A

i) T - mitochondria
U - Z line
V - myofibril

ii)sacromere

49
Q

explain why glycogen granules are present in striated muscle

A
  • energy storage
    -breaks down to glucose
  • glucose to make ATP
  • glycogen insoluble
50
Q
A

same
shorter
shorter

51
Q
A
  • fewer Ca2+ bind to troponin
  • fewer troponin change shape
  • fewer tropomyosin move aside
  • fewer binding sites on actin available
  • fewer actin myosin cross bridges form
  • power stroke reduced
  • actin filament pulled post myosin w/ less force
  • H+ changes proteins 3D structures/ pH + denatuing of enzymes
52
Q

structure of motor neurone differs from that of a sensory neurone

A
  • cell body is at the end of the neurone
  • the cell body is in brain/ spinal cord
  • longer axon
  • no dendron
53
Q

function of a motor neurone differs from that of sensory

A

carries impulses from brain / spinal cord
carries impulse to effector/muscle

54
Q

describe the diff betweeen the CNS + PNS

A

Central
- brain+spinal cord
- intermediate neurones (relay)
- has many synapses

peripheral
- nerves from sense organs
- sensory + motor neurones
- role in sensing stimuli from CNS
- includes somatic/sympathetic/autonomic

55
Q

describe the diff between the prophase 1 of meiosis +prophase 2 of meiosis

A

P1:
- homolougous chromosomes pair up/bivalent form
- crossing over

EXAM Q'S - MODULE 5 (7 decks)

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