Animal responses e'q Flashcards
Suggest 4 symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) that might not be present in people with Guillian-Barre syndrome
- greater loss of memory due to damage of cerebrum
- greater loss of balance due to damage to cerebellum
- greater loss of temp control due to damage to hypothalamus
- greater loss of controlling heart rate due to damage to medulla oblongata
Suggest and describe how the function of neuromuscular junctions will be affected by multiple sclerosis and guillian-barre syndrome
- lower rate of AP
- no acetylcholine released
- less neurotransmitters binding to receptors
- less depolarisation of post synaptic membrane
Normal human resting heart rate - 70bpm. Cutting the parasympathetic nerve to the heart increases this to approx 100 bpm. suggest 2 conclusions that could be made from this observation about the control of resting heart rate in normal humans
- heart rate controlled by nervous system
- parasympathetic nerve reduces heart rate
- heart rate reduces by approx 30 bpm
outline how injury to hypothalamus and pituitary is able to cause such a wide range of symptoms
- produces a wide range of hormones
- affect other endocrine glands
- damage to pituitary means reduction in reproductive hormones, which leads to menstrual irregularities
Suggest why it can be difficult for a doctor to conclude that the symptoms described for hypothalamus + pituitary are definitely caused by damage to parts of the brain
- damage to other endocrine glands could cause similar symptoms
- symptoms caused by other disease
identify 3 cell signalling molecules involved in fight or flight
ACTH
Cortisol
adrenaline
response to smooth muscle in bronchioles
muscle relaxes
role in ‘flight or fight’ response for smooth muscle in bronchioles
bronchioles dilate and allow more oxygen to reach blood
response of Sinoatrial node
increases rate of firing impulses
role in the ‘fight or flight’ response of sino atrial node
increased heart rate circulates blood more quickly
response of liver cell
increases glycogenolysis
role in the ‘fight or flight’ response of liver cell
makes more glucose avaliable for respiration
response of erector muscle in skin
contraction of muscle
role in the ‘fight or flight’ response of the erector muscle in skin
causes hairs to be raised and so makes animals look larger /more aggressive
describe the sequence of actions that occur once adenylyl cyclase is activated in the target liver cells
catalyse synthesis of cylic AMP from ATP
Cyclic AMP activates enzyme responsible for conversion of glycogen to glucose
suggest the long term adverse effects of continued exposure to stress on body function
- prolonged high blood pressure can lead to cardiovascular problems
- prolonged high blood sugar can lead to diabetes
suggest how the moro reflex helps to prevent harm to a newborn baby (spread of arms and bring them tgt then cries)
allows baby to try to hold on
crying draws attention to the baby
describe a reflex response a 3 yr old child would make to an object moving towards their eyes and explain the advantage of this response
- blinking
- involuntary: prevents damage to eyes
describe the components and events involved in a relfex arc
AP in sensory neurone
synapse involved
neurotransmitter across to the relay neurone
nervous impulse in motor neurone passes to effector
suggest one benefit to the squid of the reflex response (correct the squids body position)
maintains balance
what can you conclude about the mechanism by which a statocyst acts as a transducer
- kinetic energy converted
- to electrical energy
- movment of statolith moves sensory hairs
- membrane of sensory hairs depolarises
evaluate the extent to which a group of species evolved from a common ancestor are classified in the same phylum due to all of them having statocysts
support is weak - classification based on phylogeny ; statocysts could have evolved on more than one occasion
descibr
Describe how the endo crine and nervous system work together to increase water reabsorption from th collecting duct (6 marker)
endocrine system - hypthalamus causes release of ADH from pituitary aldosterone released from adrenal cortex, ADH released from pituitary gland, ADH bonds to receptors on the cell membranes of collecting duct + this increases permeability to water (regulated by aquaporins)
Nervous system - hypothalamus is part of NS, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect a lower water potential in blood, ADH is produced in the hypothalamus , posterier pitutary is extension of hypothalamus
Aldosterone- sodium ions pumped out of collecting duct cells into tissue fluid +k+ ions pumped in , lowers water potential in tissue fluid , conc grad established, Na+ reabsorbed from the collecting duct lumen , water diffuses into collecting duct cells
explain how it is possible for Acetylcholine (ACh) to have an effect on cells in the skin of the squid
travels in blood
binds to receptors on skin cell surface
causes formation of secondary messenger
state which subdivsion of the PNS supplies the SAN
Autonomic
suggest and explain improvements that the student could make to his experimental method and his presentation of data
method: sample size should be increased to improve the accuracy and repeatability of the results, same number of subjects for smokers to make comparison more valid, gender should be tested separtly bc HR may show an overall difference between genders , diet should be controlled as these can affect HR , more repeats before calculating mean to identify anomalies
Presentations: units included to show that measurments made using same method , no. of sf same to standarise the level of precision, present data graphically to spot trends more ealsiy
summary for control of heart rate
HR low,
level of carbonic acid in blood becomes higher
sympathetic nerve send AP to SAN to incr contraction rate of heart muscle
the chemoreceptors in the walls of blood vessel detect that pH of blood is normal
so HR returns to rest
suggest why reduced heart rate is sometimes seen in people who are very aerobically fit
increased stroke volume
increased volume of ventricle
increased thickness of heart muscle
suggest how these sprinters can expend so much energy without needing to carry out aerobic respiration
- cells are able to tolerate low pH
- have high phosphocreatine stores
- use of stored ATP
tissues where glucose is removed from the blood in response to insulin
- skeletal
- liver
explain why glucose is required for the contraction of skeletal muscle
- glucose needed for respiration to produce ATP
- ATP needed in muscle for contraction for breaking cross bridges between myosin and actin
- ATP hydrolysed to ADP + Pi to reset myosin heads
- ATP for active transport of calcium ions back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
incr BP: capilaries burst, O2 supply reduced , cellls cannot respire leading to cell death
thrombosis: clot reduces blood flow , cells deprived of O2, cells cannot respire (leading to cell death)
if stroke caused by a bleed then the drug will incr the bleeding / be ineffective as a treatment ( to prevent bleeding)
- disruption of O2 supply to brain cells for aerobic respiration damage to:
- cerebellum resulting in problems w/ movement
- cerebrum: resulting in loss of memory
-medulla resulting in paralysis of body below the neck
where precisely are acetylcholine receptors found
postsynaptic membrane in neurone
suggest + explain the effect that nicotine has on the nervous system
- effect: nicotine slows down rate of tranmission of AP
- explain: binds to receptors, nicotine has the same response/causes depolarisation, nicotine remains in receptor , receptor remains in refractory stage for longer
i) protein
ii) synaptic cleft
iii) acetylcholine esterase
- mitochondria
- oxidative phosphorylation
- lactic acid
- creatine phosphate
- cross bridge
- myosin head
C, D, B, E
- Muscle contract in antagonistic pairs
- tendons connect muscle to bone
- ligaments hold bones together
- cartilage reduces friction
- synovial membrae secretes fluid
- synovial fluid is a lubricant
outline the organisation + roles of the autonomic nervous systems in mammals
- 2 parts are sympathetic + parasympathetic
- S has short preganlionic neurone but P has long preganglionic neurone
- S uses noradrenaline but P uses acetylcholine at organ
- S stress but P rest
- S inreases HR but P reduces this
- S increased rate of breathing but P reduces this
- S increases airway diameter but P reduces it
- S incr blood flow to skeletal muscle but P incr blood flow to gut
- S for orgasm but P for sexual arousal
- S dilates pupils but P constricts pupils
- S makes liver release glucose but P makes liver take up glucose
- P allows digestion , but S reduces it
give 2 reasons why both plant + animals need to be able to respond to changes in their environment
- to avoid abiotic stress
- to avoid being eaten
- both to access resources
state 3 diffferences in the ways in which plant + manmmalian hormones operate
(M) made in endocring glands Vs (P) made in many plant tissues
(M) moves in blood Vs (P) moves in xylem
(M) act on target tissues Vs (P) act on root tissues
(M) act more rapidly
explain why dwarfism can be described as a genetic condition
- inheritied
- caused by mutation
explain why steriod hormone can diffuse through cell membranes
non polar
so can move directly through phospholipid bilayer
E, C, B, H, F, A, G, D
i) T - mitochondria
U - Z line
V - myofibril
ii)sacromere
explain why glycogen granules are present in striated muscle
- energy storage
-breaks down to glucose - glucose to make ATP
- glycogen insoluble
same
shorter
shorter
- fewer Ca2+ bind to troponin
- fewer troponin change shape
- fewer tropomyosin move aside
- fewer binding sites on actin available
- fewer actin myosin cross bridges form
- power stroke reduced
- actin filament pulled post myosin w/ less force
- H+ changes proteins 3D structures/ pH + denatuing of enzymes
structure of motor neurone differs from that of a sensory neurone
- cell body is at the end of the neurone
- the cell body is in brain/ spinal cord
- longer axon
- no dendron
function of a motor neurone differs from that of sensory
carries impulses from brain / spinal cord
carries impulse to effector/muscle
describe the diff betweeen the CNS + PNS
Central
- brain+spinal cord
- intermediate neurones (relay)
- has many synapses
peripheral
- nerves from sense organs
- sensory + motor neurones
- role in sensing stimuli from CNS
- includes somatic/sympathetic/autonomic
describe the diff between the prophase 1 of meiosis +prophase 2 of meiosis
P1:
- homolougous chromosomes pair up/bivalent form
- crossing over
vol: mutinucleate, striated, bands of actin+myosin , cylinderical cells ; to move joints
invol: non striated, spindle shaped cells , uninucleated ; controlling diameter of arterieies, control pupil size
cardiac: striated, branched cells, uninucleated, intercalacated discs ; to pump blood
for each type of muscle identify where in the throac this tyoe of muscle type of muscle may be found
voluntary: intercostal/ diaphragm
involuntary: arteries
cardiac: heart
D B C
- Humans + monkeys are closely related
- humans+ monkeys both primated
- brain structure similar to humans
- monkeys brain bigger than rat
- in favour: to alliveate human suffering
- against: causes pain to monkeys
describe+explain how the actiavtion of the ‘fight’or ‘flight’ response affects voluntary, involuntary and cardiac muscle
- sympathetic motor neurone stimulated
- noradrenaline
- neurotransmitter released at neruomuscular junction
- adrenaline released in blood
- from adrenal glands
- adrenaline binding to receptors on target tissue
cardiac:
- heart beat faster
- heart beat more forcefully
smooth:
- incr blood flow
- decr blood flow to gut
- decr gut secretions
- smooth muscke in gut relaxes
- smooth muscle in airways relaxes
- pupil dilates
voluntary:
- diaphragm contracting faster
-more blood flow to skeletal muscle
-skeletal muscle being primed for action
similartity: both contain vesicles ; neurotransmitter released
diff: diff shaped receptors, enzymes in diff pace ; diff neurotransmitter ach vs dopamine, diff enzymes
phenelizine as doesnt bind to dopamine receptor, binds to allosteric site
uggest why phenothiazine is used to treat schizophrenia
- reduced effect of dopamine
explain why one individual can only have 2 of the diff allesels of the DRD4 genes
- humans are diploid
- chromosomes are in pairs
- one copy from each parent
name a technique that would reveal differences in the lengths of the different forms of the DRD4 receptor receptor gene
gel electrophoresis
describe 2 similarities in the action of plant + animal hormones in cell signalling
- hormone binds to receptors , cuaisng enzyme reactions
- only present in small quanitities to have an effect
- may have effect on more then one location
explain why plants are more able to forma natural reproductive clones than animals
- most plants cells retain ability to differenciate/ totipotent
- plants have meristems
- plant cells can de differenciate + differentiate into a diff cell types
- animal cells are multipotent
suggest what happens to polysaccahrides in the liver cell when adrenaline reaches a liver cell
- glycogen gets broken down into glucose by hydrolysis
- protein kinease activates glycogen phosphorylase
suggest how the adrenline molecule can cause different effects in diff target tissues
- diff tissues have diff types of adrenaline receptors
- causing cAMP conc to incr/ decr
- second messenger may be diff
-cAMP activates diff enzymes
outline the hormonal and nervous mechanism involved in the control of heart rate
- adrenaline incr HR
- cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongatat
- nervous connection to SAN
- which controls frequency of waves of excitation
- vagus nerve decr HR
- accelerator nerve incr HR
- incr BP detected by barorecptors
- decr blood pH deceted by chemoreceptors
- receptors in aorta / carotid sinus / carotid arteries
