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EXAM Q'S - MODULE 5 > Excretion (the kidney) q's > Flashcards

Excretion (the kidney) q's Flashcards

1
Q

a student designed an experiment to investigate the effect of temp on the rate of glucose diffusion through dialysis tubing. State factors that would need to be controlled in this experiment

A
  • vol of solution
  • initial glucose conc
  • brand of dialysis tubing
  • length of dialysis tubing
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2
Q

describe the structural difference between alpha and beta glucose molecules

A

H above the ring / OH below ring on carbon 1

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3
Q

what can you conclude about the likley effect of sulthiame (inhibits carbonic anhydrase) on the reabsorption of sodium ions in the PCT?

A
  • fewer H+ ions in PCT cells
  • No cotransport of Na+ ions into cells
  • no active transport of Na+ ions into the blood
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4
Q

compare the processes occuring in the proximal and distal convoluated tubules

A

similarities
- both use active transport
- both involve co transport
- both involve selective reabsorption
- both involve use of Na+

differences
- DCT involves use of Ca2+
- co transport in DCT involves ions only
- PCT involves ions+ moleucles

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5
Q

state+ explain one symptom you would expect to oberserve as a result of nephrogenic diabetets insipidus (Li entering Na Channels ; prevent cells from responding to collecting duct)

A
  • high level of urine/ always thirsty
  • fewer aquaporins in the plasma membrane of CT
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6
Q

explain why podocytes are usually unable to undergo mitosis

A
  • are differenciated therefore cannot divide
  • are in G0 phase of cell cycle/ resting phase
  • shape is too irregular therefore cannot divide
  • cytoskeleton cannot function
  • if mitosis occured, it would alter no. of fenestrations
  • it would alter an aspect of ultrafiltration
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7
Q

what features of adult stem cells can make them suitable for regeneration of tissues in the kidney?

A
  • adult stem cells are multipotent
  • differenciate to became any cell type within kidney
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8
Q

similarities between ultrafiltration and formation of tissue fluid

A
  • small molecules diffuse out of the blood
  • both processes occurs in capillaries
  • large molecules (proteins/rbc) remain in blood
  • high hydrostatic pressure in both
  • many molecules (water etc) reabsorbed back into capillaries
  • blood vessels become narrower to maintain hydrostatic pressure
  • hydrostatic pressure greater than oncotic pressure in both
  • lymphocytes can pass through in both
  • both involves basement membrane
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9
Q

differences between ultrafiltration and the formation of tissue fluid

A
  • filterate enters the bowmans capsule + then PCT in the kidney but tissue fluid bathes cells
  • molecules that are not reabsorbed by capillaries form urine in the kidney but molecules that are not reabsorbed from tissue fluid will form lymph
  • blood filtered through 3 layers in ultrafiltration by only 1 layer in formation of tissue
  • knot of capillaries in ultrafiltration but a network of capillaries in formation of tissue fluid
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10
Q

suggest+ explain 2 characteristics of a patient that must be taken into account when using this GFR measurement to diagnose kidney damage

A
  • age bc kidney finction declines w/ age
  • gender bc men+ women have diff muscle mass
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11
Q

explain why the presence of protein albumin in the urine indicates kidney damage

A
  • large protein should remain in the blood
  • protein too large to cross the basement membrane
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12
Q

state one function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

regulation of ions

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13
Q

describe the function of the structures labelled A (something in PCT)

A

increase SA for reabsorption
has cotransporters for active transport of Na+

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14
Q

suggest why DCT lumen had high conc of urea

A

water is removed earlier in the nephron

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15
Q

explain why some foods affect urine production (bar chart)

A
  • salted crisps+ boiled sweers reduce WP bc of high sugar content
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detetct change in WP in blood + cause increased release of ADH
  • ADH causes production of aquaporins in collecting duct so more water reabsorbed into capillaries
  • bread/milk/choco incre WP of blood
  • causes reduced ADH release
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16
Q

describe how the endocrine + nervous system work together to increase water reabsorption from the collecting duct (endocrine system)

A

-hypothalamus causes release of ADH from pituitary aldosterone released from adrenal cortex
- ADH released from pituitary gland
-ADH binds to receptors of the cell membranes of collecting duct cells+ incr permeability to water (regulated by aquaporins)
- role of cAMP

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17
Q

describe how the endocrine+ NS work together to incr water absorption from the CT (NS)

A
  • Hypothalamus is part of NS
  • osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
  • detect a low WP in the blood
  • ADH prodcues in the hypothalamus
  • posterior pituitary is extension of hypothalamus
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18
Q

decribe how endocrine + NS work together to incr water absorption from the collecting duct (aldosterone)

A
  • sodium ions pumped out of collecting duct cells into tissue fluid + K+ ions pumped in
  • decr WP in tissue fluid
  • conc grad established
  • Na+ reabsorbed from the collecting duct lumen
  • H20 diffuses into CT via osmosis
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19
Q

reason why a diuretic (drug) might be most effective at reducing a persons BP

A

more urine is produced

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20
Q

reason why a diuretic (drug) would be the most appropriate for use by a person w/ type 2 diabetes

A

one that does not have an affect on glucose

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21
Q

suggest two adv and one dis of a kidney transplant compared to dialysis

A

adv- doesnt require repeated dialysis ; better quality of life
dis- risks of surgery ; difficult to find organ donor

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22
Q

suggest a non invasive method that could be used to test for these cancers (bladder/kidney)

A

test urine

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23
Q

explain why the visible blood vessels are likely to be veins

A
  • have valves so will bulge
  • large lumen as contains large volumes of blood
  • found closer to the surface skin than arteries
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24
Q

suggest why anabolic steriods are effective when applied to the surface of the skin

A
  • skin has large SA for absorption
  • skin has many capillaries
  • steriods are lipid soluble so can cross phospholipid bilayer
  • muscles are close to the skin surface so short diffusion distance
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25
Q

‘the IOC is succeeding in reducing the level of steriod abuse in professional sport’ evaluate this statement using the data

A

argument
- from 1986-1958 there was an incr in % test w/ testosterone
- correlation doesnt equal causation
- more test but more athletes competing

validity
- only a limited time was studied
- other steriod used+ not detected
- other drugs mask testosterone levels

  • decr in % smaples w/ testosterone from start to end of test
  • from 1988 to 1991. % samples w/ testosterone decr as test no. incr
  • incr in no. of test carried over time
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26
Q

suggest why ‘uncertain diagnosis’ occur more often in the group of pateints aged 65+ yrs compared w/ the group below 65 yrs of age

A

older ppl may have complex medical problems

27
Q

state the type of cells from which RBC are formed + where this type of cell is located

A

type of cell - stem cells
location - bone marrow

28
Q

explain how the longer loop of henle is able to assist the desert kangaroo rat in preventing excessive water loss

A
  • more Na+ and Cl- ions pumped into medulla
  • builds up greater WP gradient
  • allow reabsorption of more water from collecting duct
29
Q

state the type of drug that can be misused in body building

A

anabolic steriods

30
Q

explain the changes in fluid composition of blood, glomerulus filtrate, urine ( from data)

A
  • proteins cannot leave blood / enter filtrate
  • basement membrane prevents erythrocytes reaching bowmans capsule
  • all glucose completely reabsorbed at the PCT
  • not all ions are reabsorbed
  • urea conc incr bc movement of urea into tubule
31
Q

suggest + explain what a high conc of creatinine in the blood plasma indicates about kidney function

A

incr creatinine conc indicates reduced function bc less filtration

32
Q

discuss (w/ reference from info) whether it is ethical for live donors to be used as a source of kidneys for transplantion

A
  • ppl should have a right to choose what to do w/ their kidney
  • ppl can donate a kidney to family member (adv)
  • exploiting ppls poverty / minors (dis)
  • ppl should recieve transplants irrespective of wealth
33
Q

state precisely where the cells that detetc a decrease in the water potential of the blood plasma are found

A

hypothalamus

34
Q

name the cells that dectect this decrease (in WP)

A

osmoreceptors

35
Q

name the part of the adrenal gland that releases aldosterone

A

cortex

36
Q

suggest + explain what effect the action of aldosterone will have on the secrection of ADH

A
  • WP will decrease
  • therefore ADH secretion will increase
37
Q

which parts of the nephron corresponds to each of the statements in the table below:
- walls are impermeable to water
- glucose is reabsorbed into the blood
- ADH acts on the walls
- Contains podocytes
- most of the water is reabsorbed into the blood

A

ascending limb
proximal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tubule

38
Q

explain the role of loop of henle in the production of urine

A
  • role of loop of henle is to cause a decr in WP in medulla
  • ascending limb active transport outwards of ions
  • walls of descending limb permeable to water
  • water removed from descending limb
  • WP of tissues surrounding collecting duct is lower than fluid inside it
  • water removed from urine
39
Q

name the organ that produces urea

A

liver

40
Q

suggest why a high intake of protein in the diet will be likley to result in a high conc of urea in urine

A
  • incr intake of proteins leads to a large amount of amino acids
  • excess amino acids cannot be stored
  • amino acids deaminated
  • large amount of ammonia enters ornithine cycle for converion of urea
  • incr Blood conc of urea leads to more urea in urine
  • high conc of urea in blood increases water absorption from urine
41
Q

suggest what condition is indicated by the presence of gluocse in a persons urine

A

diabetes

42
Q

state the substance that is being tested for in urine when a pregnancy test is carried out

A

hCG

43
Q

using your knowledge of how a test stick works, suggest how the test stick in fig 2.1 can be used to indicate a positive result for LH in urine

A

LH binds to its complementary antibodies (anti-LH)
this antibody complex moves along test stick together w/ urine
this antibody complex binds only w/ immoblised antibodies specific to them
only control antibodies bind w/ immoblised abtibodies specific to them
binding of antibody w/ dye to its immoblised anti-antibody produced line
2 lines indicates the result

44
Q

explain how glomerulus is able to perform its function

A
  • afferent arteriole is wide than efferent arteriole
  • build of hydrostatic pressure
  • endothelium of capillary has fenestrations
  • these allow ultrafiltration
45
Q

name the specialised cells present in bowmans capsule that assist the function of glomerulus

A
  • podocytes
46
Q

suggest the effect of complete kidney failure on the compostion of the blood

A

if kidney cannot filter so substamces remain in blood such as will have an incr in urea, in water

47
Q

explain the need for close matching of the donated kidney to the recipient

A

if not closely matched
- donated kidney will be recognised as foreign
- antigens on donated kidney will be different
- causing rejection by immune system
- use of immuno-suppressant drugs

48
Q

describe the features of the glomerulus and bowmans capsule that allow them to perform their function effectively

A
  • ultrafiltration
  • afferent arteriole is wider than efferent arteriole
  • high blood pressure in glomerulus / high hydrostatic pressure
  • endothelium has gaps to prevent passage of cells
  • basement membrane stops removal of large molecules
  • podocytes of bowmans capsule have finger like projections
  • projections ensure gaps to allow passage of substances
49
Q

suggest diff in the composition of the urine of a person w nephritis when compared to the urine of a person w/ healthy kidney

A
  • large proteins present
  • blood cells present
  • glucose present
  • more water present
  • more ions present
  • more vitamins present
50
Q

suggest 2 ways in which the structure of this aquaporin prevents the passage of ions

A
  • the ions in solution are too large to passs through the channel
  • shapes not compatible
  • +ve charge in the channel repels the positively charged ions
51
Q

explain the likely effect on the blood cells if the WP of the plasma was allowed to incr significantly

A
  • WP outside cells would be higher than that of the blood cells
  • water would enter blood cells
  • blood cells will swell
52
Q

name the type of monomer that makes up a moelecule of ADH + the bond that joins the monomers together

A

type of monomer: amino acid
name of bond: peptide

53
Q

ADH doesnt stay in the blood indefinitley. suggest where ADH is removed from the blood and describe what then happends to the ADH molecule

A

how ADH is dealt w/ as a protein:
- in liver
- hydrolysis occurs
- deamination (amine group removed)
- ornithine cycle (formation of urea)
- amino aicds used in metablic pathway

how ADH/ urea is dealt w/ as a small molecule in kidney
- in kidney
- filtered from blood(moves from blood into nephron)
- bc small molecule
- urea not all reabsorbed / ADH not reabsorbed/ ADH present in urine
- excreted

54
Q

explain how the stick detects this pregnancy hormone

A
  • testing for human chorionic gonadotrophin / hCG
  • hormone small so can pass from blood into filtrate at bownmans capsule
  • immoblised antibodies on stick
  • antibodies attched to dye
  • hormone binds to antibody
  • line become visible
55
Q

comment on whether the use of steriods should be permitted in sport

A
  • giving unfair adv
  • health risks like infertility
  • doesnt affect athletes natural talent
  • pressure to keep up w/ rival competitors
  • can train for longer
  • idea that atheletes should be role models
56
Q

explain how these observations changes in conc are bought about by the proximal convoluted tubule (from data)

A
  • selective reabsoption
  • of gluoce and amino acids
  • direct uptake of glucose by AT
  • water fellows by osmosis so conc of ions incr
57
Q

suggest why it is necessary to add an anticoagulant to the blood when blood flows in machine

A

so that clots dont form while in the dialysis machine

58
Q

siggest why no anticoagulant is added to the blood towards the end of a dialysis sessions

A

allowing blood to clot normally after treatment

59
Q

state the process by which molecules + ions other than water will move from the blood into the dialysate

A

diffusion

60
Q

suggest why the direction of flow of the blood and the dialysis is opposing

A

maintain conc gradient

61
Q

name one chemical that transfers a nerve impulse from one neurone to another

A

acetylcholine

62
Q

suggest the part of the neurone where the plasma membrane has TRA1 receptors

A
  • presynaptic membranes
  • prevents release of neurotransmitters
63
Q

suugest a reason for the accumulation of high conc of NAPQI in the liver cells

A
  • not enough glucuronide to metabolise NAPQI

EXAM Q'S - MODULE 5 (7 decks)

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