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EXAM Q'S - MODULE 5 > e'q Photosynthesis > Flashcards

e'q Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

suggest why soda lime was not placed in the respirometer with the seedling grown in the light

A
  • removing CO2 would prevent photosynthesis
  • CO2 would be a limiting factor for photosynthesis
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2
Q

outline the structural differences the chromista cholorplast + the chloroplasts found in flowering plants

A
  • chromista has fewer thylakoids
  • chromista has no inter- granal lamellae
  • plants have thylakoids in groups of more than three
  • plants have strach grains
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3
Q

suggest why having a high conc of chlorophyll D is an advantage for Acaryochloris marina

A
  • absorbs wider range of WL
  • absorbs light at diff WL compared to aquatic plant species
  • little light avaliable
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4
Q

what can you conclude about the composition of pigment A to D

A
  • pigment A contains 2 molecules (2 spots above each other)
  • pigment B and D contain 1 molecule (1 spot above line)
  • pigment C contains 3 molecules ( 3 spots above)
  • pigments A and C share molecules ( next to each other)
  • all pigments are soluble
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5
Q

outline the importance of photosynthetic pigments in photosynthesis

A
  • pigment absorb light
  • electrons excited
  • accessory pigments pass energy to primary pigments
  • primary pigments loses electrons
  • for light dependent reaction ( photophosphorylation)
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6
Q

suggest why chromista needs pigment that are different from those of other photosynthetic organisms

A

that they have to absorb light of short WL
that some WL doesnt reach them

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7
Q

state a material that can be used as the stationary phase in thin layer chromatography

A

silica gel

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8
Q

state the precise location of photosynthtic pigments in a choroplast

A

photosystem in the thylakoid membrane

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9
Q

on a chromotogram, how would you know what spot (pigment) is the most non polar

A

it would be the most soluble in moblie phase

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10
Q

why it is important to hold the TLC plate carefully by the edges + avoid damaging the surface of the plate

A

so that the movement of spots not affected by damage

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11
Q

why is it important to make sure the plate doesn’t touch the sides of the jar anywhere else

A

to avoid spots travelling in the wrong direction

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12
Q

suggest an advantage of working quickly as possible in step 1 (extraction of pigments) in TLC

A

to prevent contamination of the pigments
to reduce evaporation of solvent

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13
Q

state the name of the final electron accepter in the light dependent stage of PS

A

NADP

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14
Q

DCPIP is reduced in the Hill reaction. suggest + explain the function of DCPIP in the Hill reaction

A
  • final electron acceptor
  • replaces NADP - the usual electron acceptor
  • allows photolysis to continue
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15
Q

explain why it was important that the pellet (sediment) was suspended in buffer solution + why it did not contain sucrose

A

buffer maintain the optimum pH
if theres no sucrose, no need to prevent damage to choloplast

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16
Q

suggest and explain 2 improvements that would increase the validity of the method ( the hill reaction)

A

use ice cold solution = prevents damage to components
use a water bath = so that temp of all tubes is controlled

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17
Q

explain why temperature has a greater effect on the rate of the light independent stage

A

light independent stage is controlled by enzymes
high temp will increase ESC’s formed
enzymes may be denatured at high temperatures

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18
Q

describe 2 ways in which the structure of granum is adapted to its function

A

large SA for increase in absorption of light
contain photosystems
contain electron carriers

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19
Q

w/ referece to the biochemistry of photosynthesis, explain why the theoretical rate of PS is not achieved at higher light intensities

A

at incr light intensity other factor becomes limiting
temp becomes limiting as calvin cycle invloves enzymes
CO2 conc becomes limiting as it is required for calvin cycle

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20
Q

which species would be bettter adapted to living in shady conditions

A

one that starts PS at low light intensity
one that reaches its max rate at lowlight intensity
one that has a greater ROPS

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21
Q

how would a structure of leaf adapted to shade differ from one thats living in sunlight

A

shade leaf will have more chloroplasts ; more thylakoids in choloplast, larger SA of leaves

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22
Q

describe how light is harvested in the choroplast membranes

A

primary accessory pigments are in the photsystems
light energy absorbed by pigment molecules
electron moves to higher energy level + returned to pigment
energy passed from one pigment to another
energy passed from to reaction centre
accessory pigments allow range of WL to be absorbed

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23
Q

suggest the role of DNA+ ribosomes in this organelle

A

DNA coding for enzymes
ribosome : proteins synthesis
proteins for pigments synthesis
protiens for electron carriers
enzyme for photolysis
enzymes for calvin cycle

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24
Q
A
  • for all crops , inital increa in assimilation w/ increasing temp
  • at higher temp the assimilation decreases
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25
Q

suggest a conclusion that could be drawn from the mean values

A

C3 plants assimilate decr Co2 than C4 plants

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26
Q
A

C4 crop 2
C3 crop 1

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27
Q

state possible uses of Tp within the plant

A
  • amino acids
  • carbohydrates
  • hexose sugar
  • lipids
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28
Q

from which molecule is TP synthesisied during the light independent stage

A

GP

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29
Q
A

A RuBP/ ribulose bisphosphate
B TP/ triose phosphate
C fatty acids
D amino acids

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30
Q
A
  • accurate bc doesnt required light energy
  • inaccurate bc needs ATP + reduced NADP, produced in light independent stage
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31
Q

name the enzyme responsible for fixing CO2 in the light independent stage

A

RuBISCO
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

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32
Q
A
  • increased photosynthetic activity during daylight
  • as light intensity increases there is increased activity of the light dependent reaction
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33
Q

explain the shape of the curve for the rate of plant respiraton in fig

A
  • day time temp generally higher than night time
  • rate of respiration increases w/ increased temperature as its enzyme are temp dependent
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34
Q

what is happening at the points indicated by ltter L

A

Compensation point

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35
Q
A
  • deactivation of RUBISCO will reduce CO2 fixation
  • the light depdent reaction will reduce when the supply of NADP is reduced
  • reduction in stomatal aperture will reduce CO2 available for fixation
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36
Q

suggest 2 ways in which the ultrastructure of the cholorplast can be altered by high temp

A

S: damage to chlorophyll
E: which will reduce the light dependent stage

S: damage to membranes in choloplast
E: which will reduce the light dependent stage

37
Q
A
  • at lower light levels, PS rate is greater when light is shown on the upper surface
  • palisade cells are in the upper surface
  • chloroplasts also present in cells at lower surface
  • little diff bc leaf is thin
  • no diff in rate at higher / light intensity
38
Q

explain what is meant by a limiting factor

A
  • the factor that will limit the rate
  • when at lower level
39
Q
A

anomlay is 28
repeat test

40
Q

dessribe how the student could improve their experimental method+ the presentation of their data

A

improvements of presentation: units for light intensity should be shown , the table should be presentated to make comparisons of light intensity easier, th heading of the column threee could be improved ‘ rate of PS’ , present data as a graph

improvments to method: a more precise method measuring PS rate (eg O2 sensor) / gas syringe , control other vriables (same size pondweed), provide CO2 source ( so CO2 in excess, not limiting), smaller+ more consistent intervals between light + temp values should be used , repeats should be used

41
Q
A

IV - temp
DV - conc of O2
CV - species of pondweed

42
Q

identify one variable that was not controlled in the scientist method

A

pH
conc of CO2
age of pondweed
no. of leaves

43
Q
A

D: incr temp incr O2 conc
D: PS is constant
E: O2 is a product of PS
E: temp acts as a limiting factor
E: no other factor was limiting
E: incr temp incr Ek of molecules

44
Q
A

GP
- conc of GP decreases
- GP decr bc less CO2 available to react w/ RuBP to produce GP
RuBP
- conc of RuBP incr+ then decr
- RuBP incr bc it is not converted to GP
- RuBP incr as it is still being produced from TP
- RuBP decreases bc less GP avaliable to regenrate RuBP

45
Q
A

DESCRIBE
-table 3.1 : light incr length + mass of both roots+ stems, group A has less growth than group b
- table 3.2: stem grows towrads the light w/ a few expectations, almost half the roots gro away from light , some appear unaffected by light or gorw towards light

EXPLANATIONS
- table 3.1 : more carbs produced during PS, light may trigger gorwth + germination
- table 3,2: auxins produced in shoot tip moves to side away from light , light allows PS, positive phototropism in stems , geotropism more important than photo tropism in roots ,-ve phototropism in roots, other reasons for varied datat eg conditions not natural

46
Q
A

ii) unpaired t test
iii) comparing 2 means

47
Q
A
  • 8.1 is greater than 5.99 at 2 degrees of freedom
  • therefore significant diff at p= 0.05
  • not significant at p= 0.01
  • indicates greater than 95% probability that difference is not due to chance
  • null hypthesisi can be rejected at p=0.05
48
Q
A
  • D, antarctica habitat : lower max light levels , shorter day length / compeing planst
  • optimum rate of PS in its habiatat is at a lower light intensity than that of Z mays
49
Q

outline the wyas in which the heterotophic organisms are dependendt on plants

A
  • heterotrophs obtain organic material from autotrophs (plants)
  • plant produce organic molecules during PS
  • plant produce O2 during PS
  • glucose produced in PS are used in repsiration by heterotrophs
50
Q

name the primary photosynthetic pigment in these photosystems

A

chlorophyll a

51
Q

name an accessory pigment

A

chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, caroteniod

52
Q

state the adv to the plant of having a range of accessory pigment in photosystems

A

able to absorb a range of WL

53
Q

name the compound that is synthesisied in the light dependednt stage as a result of the geenration of an electrical +pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane

A

ATP

54
Q

identify the enzyme that catalyses the fixation of CO2

A

RuBISCO

55
Q

Identify the first stable product of CO2 fixation

A

GP / glycerate - 3 - phosphate

56
Q

identify the compound that is regenrated in the calvin cycle so that more CO2 ca be fixed

A

RuBP

57
Q

name 2 diff polysaccharides that can be sytnhesised from the end prodcuts off the LD stages of PS

A

starch
cellulose

58
Q
A

rubisco
reduced NADP
TP
amino acid
RuBP
oxygen

59
Q

explain what is meant by the terms autotrophs + heterotroph

A

autotrophs: can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules
heterotrophs : relies on organic molecules that have been made by another organism

60
Q
A

granum
stroma

61
Q
A

for membrane formation
fatty acid synthesis

62
Q
A
  • primary accessory pigments are in photosystems
  • light energy absorbed by pigment molecules
  • electron moves to higher energy level + returned to pigment
  • energy passed from one pigment to another
  • energy assed to reaction centre
  • accessory pigment allow range of WL to be absorbed
63
Q

suggest why the researchers concluded that the datat obtained from study E was not useful n evaluating the effectivenedd of the herbicide

A

no. of plots/samples was very small

64
Q
A
  • prevents non- cyclic photophosphorylation
  • no electron available to form reduced NADP
  • ATP production by cyclic photophosphoylation is not prevented
  • less ATP + no reduced NADP available for light independent stage
65
Q
A

energy given off from excited electron emitted by reaction centre

66
Q
A

oxygen
- O2 only proudced on one stage of PS
- O2 produced might be used in respiration
CO2
- CO2 only used in one stage of PS
- CO2 produced during respiration might be used for PS
overall both could be an underestimate

67
Q
A
  • light intensity
  • CO2 conc
  • respiration
68
Q
A
  • at 0 , no PS
  • between 0 and X: rate of respiration greater than rate of PS
  • at x rate of respiration = rate of PS
  • after X rate of PS greater than ROR
69
Q

Name the prodcts of the L-D stage of PS

A

O2, ATP , reduced NADP

70
Q
A
  • prevents photophosphorylation
  • cyclic, non cyclic
  • no ATP for light independent stage
  • no substrate made for respiration (glucose)
71
Q
A

choloplast outer membrane
granum
stroma
intergranal lamellae

72
Q
A

B, B, B, N, N, C

73
Q
A
  • radius of capillary tube
  • cross sectional area of capillary tube
  • use pi r squared
74
Q

suggest how the student supplied the aquatic plant w/ a source of CO2

A
  • sodium hydrogencarbonate
  • bubble in CO2
  • dry ice
75
Q
A
  • would dissolve in water
  • used in respiration
  • may escape the colection apparatus
  • trapped in air spaces in the leaf
76
Q
A
  • nitrogen was present in air spaces in the leaf
  • nitogen leaves the plants w/ the O2
  • Nitrogen comes out of solution
77
Q
A
  • higher than in atmosphere
  • plant is respiring as produces CO2 during respiration
  • CO2 is present in excess
  • CO2 comes out of solution
  • less as some CO2 will dissolve in solution
  • les as CO2 used in PS
78
Q
A

intensity
- in deeper water there is lower light intensity
- these pigments can absorb what little light there is
WL
- not all WL of light can penetrate
- theses pigments can absorb WL of light that can penetrate deeper water

79
Q

name the products of the L- D stage that are used in the calvin cycle

A
  • ATP
  • reduced NADP
80
Q

Dis cuss the fate of TP in the calvin cycle

A
  • regenerates RuBP
  • so cycle can continue for further CO2 fixation
  • formation of glucose/starch
  • formation of lipid /amino acids, proteins
  • most TP used to produce RuBP + rest for production
81
Q
A
  • O2 used + CO2 produced
  • involves calvin cycle
82
Q

using both figues , describe=explain the likely effect on PS of an incr in the O2 conc

A
  • decr rate of PS
  • less RuBISCO available for CO2
  • less CO2 for calvin cycle
  • less GP produced
  • less RuBP generated
83
Q
A
  • O2 cannot bind to PEP carboxylase
  • PEP carboxylase cannot ‘fix’ O2
  • PEP carboxylase only specific to CO2
84
Q
A
  • used as a control to compare w/ other filter
85
Q
A
  • same vol of indicator so colour change are comparable
  • carry out constant temp as temp affects enzyme activity
  • carry out repeats to calc mean
  • carry out in darkened room so only light of desired WL enters
  • tube same distance from light source so light intensity is the same
86
Q

name the pigment at the reaction centre of photosystmes 1 + 11

A

chlororphyll a

87
Q

explain the change observed in the tube exposed to green light

A
  • leaf reflects green light
  • green light cannot be used in PS
  • no photolysisi/spliiting of water
  • no CO2 foxed in light independent reaction
  • some CO2 produced during respiration
  • slight incr in CO2 , incr acidity
88
Q
A
  • PS involves enzymes
  • temp can be reduced by ventilation
  • incr CO2 in enviro by burning fuel
  • higher CO2 so no longher limiting factor
  • easier to control water supply
  • easer to control use of pesticide

EXAM Q'S - MODULE 5 (9 decks)

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