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BIOLOGY 1110 post-midterm > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

what are metabolic wastes?

A

-substances left over from metabolic processes which cannot be used by the organism, and must therefore be excreted

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2
Q

what are nitrogenous wastes, what are they produced from?

A
  • excess nitrogen that needs to be eliminated from organisms

- these substances are produced from the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids

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3
Q

what determines the type of nitrogenous waste an animal produces?

A

its phylogeny (evolutionary history) and habitat

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of nitrogenous wastes?

A
  1. Ammonia
  2. Urea
  3. Uric acid
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5
Q
  1. what is ammonia (NH3) produced from?
  2. what is urea produced from?
  3. what is uric acid produced from?
A
  1. from metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids
  2. from ammonia (NH3) and CO2
  3. from ammonia (NH3) and CO2 and other molescules
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6
Q

which of the nitrogenous wastes is the most toxic? which one has the least toxicity?

A
  • ammonia is the most toxic

- uric acid is the least

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7
Q

which of the nitrogenous wastes is the most water soluble? which is the least water soluble?

A

most soluble as ammonia, least soluble is uric acid

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8
Q

what kinds of animals secrete their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia? how is it released?

A
  • animals that have unlimited access to water
  • ie. freshwater animals, Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes
  • Released across the whole body surface or through gills
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9
Q

what kinds of animals secrete their nitrogenous wastes as urea?

A

-animals that have a limited water supply- both terrestrial and marine
eg Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes

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10
Q

what kinds of animals secrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid? how is it secreted?

A
  • animals that need to conserve their water (ie. live in arid conditions, or need to be lighter weight and have waste take up less space)
    eg. many reptiles, birds, insects, land snails
  • secreted as a paste
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11
Q

what is the advantage to excreting ammonia? what is the disadvantage?

A

advantage:
-less energy
disadvantage:
-ammonia is very toxic and needs large amounts of water to dilute

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12
Q

what is the advantage of excreting urea? what is the disadvantage?

A

advantage:
-reduces excretory water loss
disadvantage:
-requires some energy

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13
Q

what is the advantage of excreting uric acid? what is the disadvantage?

A 
advantage:
-can be excreted with very little water loss (less toxic)
-is lightweight (doesn't impair flight)
disadvantage:
-takes a lot of energy
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14
Q

what might causes a shift in what type of nitrogenous waste is produced?

A
  1. when temperatures increase and water becomes less
    available, organisms may shift from urea to uric acid
  2. when there is a change in habitat (ie tadpoles to frogs), what was once advantageous, then becomes dangerous of disadvantageous
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15
Q

what kind of nitrogenous waste does an amphibian egg vs an amniotic egg produce? why?

A

amphibian egg: ammonia
-this is because ammonia can diffuse right out of the egg into the water, and the egg doesn’t need to worry about conserving space, therefore it can take
amniotic egg: uric acid
-this is because the shell of the egg is impermeable so embryo has to store waste in shell in membrane until hatched; uric acid is less toxic, smaller, and lighter
(uric acid can be stored within the egg as a harmless solid)

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16
Q

what is urine?

A

refined filtrate derived from body fluids

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17
Q

what is excretion?

A

removal of filtrate from the system

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18
Q

what are the 3 key functions of most excretory systems?

A
  1. Filtration: pressure-filtering of body fluids
  2. Reabsorption: reclaiming valuable solutes
  3. Secretion: adding toxins and other solutes from the
    body fluids to the filtrate
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19
Q

what are the network of dead-end tubules called, and what phylum are they found in? what are the cellular units at the ends of the branches of tubules called?

A

protonephridia
found in Planaria
flame bulbs

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20
Q

what are the external openings of protonephridia called?

A

nephridiopores

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21
Q

how does the protonephridia system work?

A
  1. interstitial fluid filters into openings in the flame bulb by beating of cilia
  2. as fluid travels through tubule solutes are reabsorbed
  3. excess water and wastes exit tubules through nephridiopores
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22
Q

what do planaria excrete? what do parasitic flatworms excrete?

A

planaria: dilute fluid

parasitic flatworms: nitrogenous wastes

23
Q

what are open ended tubules called? what phylum are they found in? where are they found?

A

metanephridia
found in earthworms
metanephridia are found in each segment (although each system is spread over 2 segments)

24
Q

what is the opening of the metanephridia called on the insides of the worm? what is the external opening called?

A

internal: nephrostome
external: nephridiopore

25
Q

the metanephridia are covered in capillary beds..why?

A

covered in capillary beds for reabsorption of solutes

26
Q

how does the metanephridia system work?

A
  1. coelomic fluid is filtered through nephrostomes
  2. filtrate moves through tubules where solutes are reabsorbed through capillaries
  3. secretion of nitrogenous wastes
  4. dilute urine is excreted through nephridiopores
27
Q

what is the excretory system that consists of branching tubules that extending from the digestive tract? what phylum are they found in? what do they absorb and where?

A
  • the Malpighian tubule system
  • found in arthropods
  • absorb solutes, water, and nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph
28
Q

how does malpighian tubule system work?

A
  1. solutes, water, and nitrogenous wastes are absorbed from hemplymph by malpighian tubules
  2. filtrates are released into digestive tract
  3. valuable solutes and water are reabsorbed by hindgut back into hemolymph
  4. wastes are excreted with feces through anus
29
Q

what kind of waste matter is produced by insects?

A

dry waste matter - very effective at conserving water

30
Q

what are the main organs involved in the mammalian excretory system?

A
  • kidneys (2)
  • renal artery and vein
  • Ureter (which connect kidneys to bladder)
  • urinary bladder
  • Urethra
31
Q

what are the main structures in the kidney?

A
  1. Renal cortex (outside layer)
  2. Renal Medulla (middle)
  3. Renal pelvis (center, where nephrons drain)
  4. Ureter (connects renal pelvis with urinary bladder)
  5. renal artery
  6. renal vein
32
Q

what is a nephron? how many are there?

A
  • a nephron is the tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney
  • millions
33
Q

what are the 4 major processes of the nephron system?

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
  4. excretion
34
Q

what are the steps involved in filtration in the nephron system?

A
  1. blood enter the glomerulus from the Afferent arteriole (from renal artery)
  2. filtration occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from blood in glomerulus into lumen of bowman’s capsule
  3. fluid then moves into proximal convoluted tube
35
Q

where is the site of filtration in the nephron system?

A

the glomerulus/bowman’s capsule

36
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

is a ball of capillaries that is surronded by bowmans capsule that comes from the afferent arteriole of the the renal artery.

37
Q

What is filtered from the blood from the glomerulus? is it selective or non-selective? what is not filtered?

A
  • filtration of small molecules
  • water/solutes/vitamins/glucose/waste products/some toxins
  • non selective
  • cells proteins and large molecule are not filtered
38
Q

what is reabsorption? where is the primary site of reabsorption in the nephron system?

A

the recovery of solutes and water from filtrate (from nephron tubules, back into body)
-proximal convoluted tubule

39
Q

besides the PCT, where else can reabsorbtion happen?

A

Reabsorption can also occur in loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts

40
Q

what materials are reabsorbed from the nephron tubules?

A
  • salts
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • vitamins
  • water
41
Q

what is secretion? where is the site of secretion in the nephron system?

A

The discharge of wastes from the body fluid into the filtrate
-occurs in the distal convoluted tubule

42
Q

what materials are secreted into the DCT?

A
  • non-essential substances
  • drugs and toxins
  • potassium and ammonia
  • hydrogen ions (to help with pH balance)
43
Q

what are the 7 main parts of the nephron system, and the 2 arterioles that interact with them (where is that blood going/coming from)?

A 
arterioles:
1. afferent arteriole (which is bringing blood from renal artery)
2. efferent arteriole (which is blood leaving the glomerulus, and eventually becoming renal vein (deoxygenated blood leaving the kidneys))
main parts:
1. glomerulus
2. bowmans capsule
3. proximal convoluted tubule
4. descending loop of henle
5. ascending loop of henle
6. distal convoluted tubule
7. collecting duct
44
Q

what is being reabsorbed in the descending loop of henle? is this active or passive? how/why?

A

water

  • passive by osmosis
  • this is happening because large amounts of solutes were just reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, and water wants to be in an area of higher solute concentration
45
Q

what is being reabsorbed in the ascending loop of henle? is this active or passive? how/why?

A

NaCl (salt)

  • at the bottom of the loop, NaCl moves by passive transport (because water has moved out into surrounding body fluid, and NaCl wants to be in equilibrium)
  • in the upper part of the loop, NaCl moves by active transport (because it has reached equilibrium, active transport is needed to continue to build a gradient of NaCl outside of the nephron tubules)
  • this is all happening because the nephron system needs to build a gradient of solute so that as mmuch water as possible will get reabsorbed throughout the remainder of the nephron system
46
Q

the mammalian kidney can adjust both the … and the … of the urine

A

both the volume and the osmolarity (concentration of solutes) of the urine

47
Q

how is regulation of blood osmolarity is maintained?

A

by hormonal control of the kidney by negative feedback loops

48
Q

if there is an increase in blood osmolarity (too much solute concentration in blood):

  1. what hormone in released?
  2. what happens in the nephron system?
  3. what does it cause?
A
  1. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is released
  2. this causes increased water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct -> meaning increased aquaporins that allow increase in water reabsorption
  3. causes water retention
49
Q

if there is a decrease in blood volume or pressure (dehydration or loss of blood):

  1. what hormone is released?
  2. what happens in the nephron system?
  3. what does it cause?
A
  1. aldostrone is released
  2. causes an increase in sodium reabsorption and then water reabsorption (by osmosis) in distal convoluted tubule
  3. causes water retention and therefore increase blood volume and pressure
50
Q

what are kidney adaptations of mammals that inhabit arid environments?

A
  • have longer loops of henle to maximize water reabsorption

- create concentrated urine

51
Q

what are kidney adaptations of mammals that inhabit fresh water environments?

A
  • have relatively short loops of henle (don’t need to worry about maximizing water reabsorption)
  • create very diluted urine
52
Q

what are kidney adaptations of birds?

A
  • shorter loops of henle than arid mammals, but

- concentrate urine into uric acid to maximize water reabsorption

53
Q

what are kidney adaptations of reptiles?

A
  • produce isoosmotic urine
  • some water reabsorbed in cloaca
  • excrete uric acid
54
Q

what are kidney adaptations of marine bony fishes?

A
  • excrete very little urine, that is very concentrated
  • Fewer and smaller nephrons
  • nephrons lack a distal tubule
  • Small or no glomeruli

BIOLOGY 1110 post-midterm (10 decks)

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