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BIOLOGY 1110 post-midterm > animal respiration > Flashcards

animal respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

3 factors that determine the structure of an animal’s respiratory surface

A
  1. the size of the organism
  2. its metabolic demands
    • eg. birds have a very high demand
  3. its environment
    • eg. water, or air
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2
Q

why are respiratory organs extensively folded, hwy did this develop? what are 3 examples of these

A
  • to increase surface area for gas exchange
  • developed because for most animals their body surface is not large enough for gas exchange
  • eg gills, tracheae, lungs
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3
Q

what are respiratory mediums? which is more efficient?

A
  • respiratory mediums are the sources of oxygen
  • water or air
  • air is better because it has more oxygen in it
  • acquiring O2 from water requires greater respiratory efficiency
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4
Q

what is the purpose of respiratory exchange?

A

to bring oxygen in for cellular respiration (to create energy), and dispose of CO2

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5
Q

how does gas exchange across respiratory surfaces take place?

A

diffusion

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6
Q

what are 3 characteristics of respiratory surfaces?

A
  1. need to be thin membranes
  2. need to be moist
  3. need to be large enough to provide sufficient O2/removal of CO2 for whole body
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7
Q

what are gills; where are they found; what are two disadvantages of them?

A
  • gills are outfoldings of the body surface
  • can be found all over the body, great variability
  • major disadvantage is that they can become damaged because they have no protection
  • minor disadvantage is that they could possibly become dried out, if out of water for too long
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8
Q

what is ventilation vs respiration?

A

ventilation is the movement of oxygen to the respiratory surface;
respiration is the diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membranes

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9
Q

what are 2 ways that aquatic animals ventilate their gills? give an example

A
  1. they move through the water
    - Marine worms have parapodium → gills on legs, so as they walk through water, they can breathe
  2. they move water over their gills
    - mussels and clams move water over their gills with cilia
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10
Q

how do bony fish ventilate their gills?

A

Jaw and operculum (bony flap that covers gills) help pass fluid across their gills

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11
Q

what is the countercurrent exchange in fish gills? explain how it works

A

-the countercurrent exchange allows for there to be an oxygen gradient the entire length of the capillary, which facilitates the diffusion of oxygen from water to blood because blood flows in the opposite direction to which water is passing over the gills.
how it works:
-gill filaments (lamella) have an O2 rich, and an O2 poor blood vessel, between which are capillaries.
-blood flows from the O2 poor blood vessel, to the O2 rich blood vessel.
-water flow, passes over lamella in the opposite direction to which the blood flows (from the O2 rich blood vessels side, to the O2 poor blood vessel side)
-this allows for there to be a constant oxygen gradient, the entire length of the capillary, between the water and the blood, so that at all times, oxygen can be diffusing into the blood
-the most oxygen rich water, and the most oxygen rich blood meet at the same point (with the O2 amounts in water still being higher than the blood); while the most O2 poor blood, and the most O2 poor water meet at the same side (with the O2 amounts in water still being higher than the blood)

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12
Q

why would the countercurrent exchange not work if blood and water entered the lamella on the same side?

A

it wouldnt work because if blood and water entered in the same side, oxygen diffusion would happen at first, but eventually O2 levels in the blood and water would reach equilibrium and diffusion would no longer occur
- it would make the respiratory system less efficient

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13
Q

what are tracheae in insects?

A

-tiny branching tubes throughout the body of insects which allow for gas exchange directly to the tissues/cells of the body

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14
Q

what are trachea in insects lined with, what does this do?

A

chitin; makes tracheae impermeable to gases, which stops gas exchange from occurring before reaching cells

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15
Q

what are the 3 parts of the tracheal system, what are they, and where does gas exchange occur?

A
  1. spiracles -> external opening
  2. trachea -> larger tubes (with chitin) that move air to/from smaller tubes
  3. tracheoles -> fine tubes that connect trachea to body cells.

gas exchange occurs in tracheoles

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16
Q

how do larger insects/insects with wings ventilate their tracheal system, why?

A
  • with rhythmic body movements

- because larger insects/insects with wings have a greater metabolic need

17
Q

what factors determine the size and complexity of an animals lungs?

A
  1. the animal’s metabolic rate

2. the rate of gas exchange

18
Q

what are lungs?

A

-Highly vascularized invaginations of the body surface

19
Q

what is the size/structure of amphibian lungs like? why is this?

A
  • amphibians have relatively small lungs with little complexity or surface area
  • this is because they still rely heavily upon gas exchange through their mhoist skin
20
Q

what kind of pressure do amphibians use to ventilate their lungs?

A

-positive pressure -> push air down their trachea

21
Q

how do amphibians ventilate their lungs?

A
  1. lower floor of mouth (air into oral cavity)
  2. elevate floor of mouth (close nostrils and mouth)
  3. air forced into trachea and lungs (positive push pressure)
  4. elastic recoil of lungs/contractions of body wall, forces air out of lungs (no ribs/diaphragm)
22
Q

where do reptiles/mammals preform gas exchange? how are these respiratory organs made more efficient?

A
  • not through skin, but in lungs

- lungs have increased compartmentalization and surface area

23
Q

why do birds have greater metabolic need than other reptiles?

A

because they are:

  1. endothermic
  2. they fly –> more active than other reptiles
24
Q

what are special features of a birds respiratory system?

A
  1. they have anterior and posterior air sacs
  2. they have a one way air flow system –> this means every breathe is new air, no residual, less oxygenated air left in their lungs/sacs
  3. takes 2 respiratory cycles for a single breath of air
    to pass through system
25
Q

animals/mammals ventilate their lungs with what kind of pressure?

A

negative pull pressure

26
Q

how do mammals ventilate their lungs?

A

for inspiration: (pulled in)
1. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
-diaphragm goes down, rib cage expands
2. volume inside thoracic cavity increases
-pressure inside cavity decreases
3. air flows down it’s pressure gradient into the lungs
for expiration: (pushed out)
1. muscles relax
-elastic recoil and surface tension in alveoli pulls inwards
2. thoracic cavity decreases
-pressure inside cavity increases
3. air flows down it’s pressure gradient, out of the lungs

27
Q

what are alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs of mammals

28
Q

how does gas exchange happen in lungs of mammals?

A

by diffusion

  1. O2 is more concentrated in alveolus, than in capillaries around it → O2 diffuses into the capillaries
  2. CO2 more concentrated in the capillaries than in alveolus –> CO2 diffuses into alveolus
29
Q

how does gas exchange occur in tissues of animals?

A
  1. O2 is more concentrated in capillaries
    O2 diffuses from blood –> interstitial fluid –> cells
  2. CO2 is more concentrated in the cells
    CO2 diffuses from cells –> interstitial fluid –> capillaries
30
Q

what are the 2 ways oxygen is transported in the blood? what are the percentages?

A
  1. by proteins (heme, of hemoglobin) –> 98.5%

2. dissolved in blood plasma –> 1.5%

31
Q

what kind of proteins do most vertebrates and some invertebrates have in their blood, what is the binding
component?

A
  • hemoglobin

- with iron as the O2 binding component

32
Q

what are the 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood? what are the percentages?

A
  1. 70% –> transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
  2. 23% –> attached to the globin (protein part) of hemoglobin
  3. 7% –> dissolved in the plasma

BIOLOGY 1110 post-midterm (10 decks)

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