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BIOLOGY 1110 post-midterm > circulatory systems > Flashcards

circulatory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

why do some organisms need a circulatory and respiratory system that interact?

A
  • because they have large body plans (such as mammals)
  • for most cells direct contact with environment is not possible
  • diffusion is slow and insufficient for distances over a few mm
  • Oxygen and minerals need to be in liquid to be diffused
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2
Q

why do sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms not need a circulatory system?

A
  • because their body size and shape bring many or all cells in direct contact with the environment
  • eg. many cnidarians are only 2 cell layers thick, with both the outer and inner layers exposed to water, so diffusion is possible
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3
Q

what is the purpose of a circulatory system?

A

to bring fluid from the site of exchange (eg. lungs) to all the other cells of the body (eg. fingers, brain)

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of circulatory systems, and what 3 things do they both have in common?

A
  • open and closed circulatory systems
    1. a circulatory fluid –> blood or hemolymph
    2. a set of tubes –> blood vessels
    3. a muscular pump –> heart
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5
Q

open circulatory systems:

  • what is it/how is different from closed systems:
  • what organisms have it:
  • advantage:
  • disadvantage:
A

-system in which Hemolymph bathes the organs directly
-Low pressure system – low flow rate
-No distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
-found in arthropods and most molluscs
advantage:
-Requires less energy to build and maintain
disadvantage:
-Not useful for rapid metabolic requirements

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6
Q

closed circulatory systems:

  • what is it/how is different from open systems:
  • what organisms have it:
  • advantage:
  • disadvantage:
A

-system in which Blood is confined to vessels
-High pressure system
-blood is distinct from the interstitial fluid
-Necessary for high metabolic demand in larger, active
animals
-found in Annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates
advantage:
-More efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells
disadvantage:
-takes a lot to maintain system

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7
Q

what type of circulatory system do vertebrates have?

A

closed

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8
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels, and what do they do?

A
  1. arteries –> take blood out of the heart
  2. veins –> take blood into the heart
  3. capillaries –> sites of gas exchange
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9
Q

blood moving away from the heart travel from heart … to … to …

A

heart –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries

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10
Q

blood moving to the heart travels from … to … to … to the heart

A

capillaries –> venules –> veins –> heart

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11
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit?

A

-the portion of the circulatory system that carries blood between the lungs and heart

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12
Q

what is the systemic circuit?

A
  • the portion of the circulatory system that carries blood between the heart and tissues
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13
Q

Blood enters the heart through the left or right … and is pumped out through the left or right …
the left side of the heart only pumps … blood and the right side of the heart only pumps … blood

A
  1. atrium
  2. ventricle
  3. oxygenated blood
  4. deoxygenated blood
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14
Q

what are the two types of closed circulatory systems?

A
  1. single circulation

2. double circulation

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15
Q

Single circulation:

  • what type of organisms have it
  • how many loops/what does it travel through
  • what kind of heart is this associated with
  • what kind of creatures does this work for
  • how is blood flow aided
A
  • bony fish, sharks
  • 1 loop; from heart -> through two capillary beds -> heart
  • 2 chambered heart
  • Only works for creatures that are smaller or have lower metabolic need, and creatures that do not have to fight gravity (b/c of living in water)
  • Blood flow is aided by muscle movements
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16
Q

Double circulation:

  • what type of organisms have it
  • how many loops/what does it travel through
  • what kind of heart is this associated with
  • what kind of creatures does this work for
  • how is blood flow aided
A
  • amphibians, reptiles, mammals
  • 2 loops → heart -> lungs -> heart -> tissues
  • 3 or 4 chamber heart
  • works for creatures that have a higher metabolic need, and creatures that are larger and need more pressure for blood flow
17
Q

what happens when blood goes through a capillary bed?

A

the pressure drops

18
Q

what special kind of blood circuit do amphibians have, how is it different than the pulmonary circuit?

A
  • pulmocutaneous circuit
  • different than pulmonary because it picks up oxygenated blood from from the lungs and the skin, because amphibians preform gas exchange through their skin
19
Q

what kind of hearts do amphibians have, do they have septums?
what does the left/right side of the heart do?
what happens when amphibians go under water?
what 2 blood circuits do amphibians have?

A
  • 3 chambered heart, No septum in heart
  • Right and left side of heart contract asynchronously
  • When underwater, blood flow to lungs is nearly shut off
  • pulmocutaneous circuit and systemic circuit
20
Q

what kind of hearts do reptiles have, do they have septums?
what happens when reptiles go under water?
what 2 blood circuits do reptiles have?

A

-3 chambered hearts (except crocs), partial septum in the ventricle
-reptiles have a right systemic aorta which connects back to the systemic capillaries and allows for shunting
blood away from lungs while underwater
-pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

21
Q

what kind of hearts do mammals/birds have, do they have septums?
what does the left/right side of the heart do?
what 2 blood circuits do mammals/birds have?

A
  • 4 chambered heart, full septum –> which means they have 2 atriums and 2 ventricles
  • both sides pump separately
  • Left side pumps and receives –> only oxygenated rich blood
  • Right side receives and pumps –> only oxygen poor blood
  • pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
22
Q

compare/contrast arteries and veins

A

Similar:
-both are types of blood vessels, and both can be found in the pulmonary and systemic circuits in mammals/birds
Differences:
Arteries
-carry blood away from heart
-Usually carry oxygenated blood, with the exception of pulmonary artery
-Thicker layer of smooth muscle (to protect from pressure from heart)
-arteriole (small arteries)
Veins
-carry blood to heart
-Usually carry deoxygenated blood, with the exception of pulmonary vein
-thinner layer of smooth muscle (blood in veins under lower pressure)
-have valves to prevent backflow
-venule (small veins)

23
Q

capillaries are:
thick or thin?
the site of ..
contain 2 layers, the.. and the ..

A
  • v. thin
  • the site of gas exchange between blood and cells
  • endothelium (inside layer) and the basement membrane (outside layer)
24
Q

what are the 2 components (and percentage) of mammalian blood?

A
  1. plasma - 55%

2. cellular elements - 45%

25
Q

what is the composition of plasma?

A
  1. water –> solvent for other substances
  2. ions –> sodium, potassium
  3. plasma proteins –> clotting, defense
  4. substances transported by blood –> waste products, nutrients
26
Q

what is the composition of cellular elements in blood?

A
  1. red blood cells –> transport of O2 and CO2
  2. white blood cells –> defense and immunity
  3. platelets –> blood clotting
27
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

one way system of closed vessels that collect fluid that has leaked from capillaries (lymph) and then returns it to the vascular system

28
Q

what is the lymphatic system responsible for?

A
  • Regulates body fluid balance
  • Defends against infection
  • Carries some wastes to the circulatory system
  • Carries absorbed lipids from the digestive tract to the circulatory system

BIOLOGY 1110 post-midterm (10 decks)

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