Exchange surfaces- Mammalian gas exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how diffusion distance, SA, Volume and SA:Vol ratio vary with increasing organism size.

A

As the organism increases in size so does the diffusion distance, SA and Volume.
The SA:Vol is smaller as the volume increases more than SA

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2
Q

State the formulae for the circumference and area of a circle.

A

Circumference: 2πr
Area: πr^2

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3
Q

SA and Vol of sphere

A

Sphere:
SA: 4πr^2
Vol:4/3πr^3

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4
Q

SA and Vol of cuboid

A

SA: 2(bh + bl + hl)
Vol: hbl

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5
Q

SA and Vol of cylinder

A

SA: 2πr(r + l)
Vol: πr^2l

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6
Q

Describe how the level of activity of an organism is related to demand for oxygen and glucose.

A

Higher level of activity- more metabolic demands so more oxygen and glucose required.

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7
Q

Explain how volume is related to demand and surface area is related to supply. Also explain why supply meeting demand requires adaptations as organisms increase in size.

A

A high volume means the organism has a lot of cells which all have a metabolic requirement.
The larger the SA of the organism the faster the cells can be supplied.
Some larger organisms have a very small SA:Vol ratio meaning that they cannot get sufficient nutrients by diffusion alone- must adapt to form more specialised exchange surfaces.

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8
Q

Suggest some reasons why some organisms need specialised exchange surfaces.

A

When they have a small SA:Vol ratio diffusion is too slow so they need to have specialised exchange system to keep up with metabolic demands

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9
Q

State 4 features of efficient exchange surfaces. For each feature explain how it increases efficiency of the exchange surface.

A
  1. Increased SA- Provides area needed exchange, overcoming limitations SA:Vol ratio. e.g root hairs, villi
  2. Thin layers- shorter distances for substances to diffuse- faster and more efficient e.g. alveoli, villi
  3. Good blood supply- steeper conc gradient= faster diffusion. e.g alveoli, gills, villi
  4. Ventilation to maintain conc gradient- faster diffusion e.g gills where flow of water carrying dissolved gases, alveoli
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10
Q

State Fick’s law and show how the importance of each of the 4 features of efficient exchange surfaces can be explained by Fick’s law.

A

Rate of Diffusion is proportional to (SA* Conc gradient)/ thickness of barrier (distance)

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11
Q

Draw and label a diagram of the human gaseous exchange system.

A

Find online labelling quiz

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the nasal cavity

A
  1. Large SA with good blood supply- warms air to body temp
  2. Hairy lining- secretes mucus to trap dust and bacteria protecting delicate lung tissue from infection
  3. Moist surfaces- increase humidity of incoming air, reducing evaporation from exchange surfaces
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13
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea

A
  1. wide tube supported by incomplete rings of strong flexible cartilage- stop from collapsing
  2. Lined with a ciliated epithelium with goblet cells between and below the epithelial cells- secrete mucus onto lining of trachea to trap dust and micorgs that have escaped the nose lining.
  3. Cilia beat and move the mucus along with trapped dirt and micorgs away from lungs
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14
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchus

A
  1. The trachea divides to form two bronchi each leading to a lung.
  2. Similar in structure to trachea with same supporting rings of cartilage.
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15
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchioles

A
  1. Bronchi divide to make many small bronchioles.
  2. Smaller bronchioles have no cartilage rings
  3. Walls of bronchioles contain smooth muscle - when it contracts the bronchioles constrict, when relaxes they dilate. - this changes amount of air reaching the lungs
  4. Lined with layer of flattened epithelium - some gaseous exchange can happen.
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16
Q

Describe the structure of the alveoli

A
  1. Consist of layer of thin, flattened epithelial cells along with some collagen and elastic fibres- allows the alveoli to stretch as air is drawn in. When they return to resting size air is squeezed out- elastic recoil of lungs
  2. Large SA
  3. Thin layers- one cell thick
  4. Good blood supply- surrounded by capillaries to maintain steep conc gradient.
  5. Good ventilation
  6. Inner surface is covered by thin layer of solution of water, salts and lung surfactant- surfactant allows alveoli to remain inflated and Oxygen is dissolved in the water before diffusion into the blood
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17
Q

Define breathing

A

A behaviour that you do by muscle contraction and relaxation

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18
Q

Define ventilation

A

The air flow generated by breathing inhalation/exhalation

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19
Q

Define gas exchange

A

The diffusion of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, especially the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment.

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20
Q

Draw and label a diagram showing the arrangement of the structures involved in breathing.

A

Trachea divides into bronchi which divide into bronchioles which have alveoli.
two lungs and a diaphragm under them.
ribs over the lungs with intercostal muscles in between

21
Q

Define the term inspiration

A

Taking air in or inhalation- energy using process

22
Q

Define the term expiration

A

Normal expiration ( breathing out or exhalation)- passive process

23
Q

Define the term active process

A

A process which requires energy

24
Q

Define the term passive process

A

A process which doesn’t require energy

25
Q

Describe the process of inspiration linking the action of muscles, to the movement of structures, the change in pressure within the lungs and the direction of airflow.

A
  1. The external intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract
  2. This causes the ribcage to move upwards and outwards and the diaphragm to flatten, increasing the volume of the thorax (space where the lungs are)
  3. As the volume increases the lung pressure decreases (below atmospheric pressure)
  4. This causes air to flow into the lungs
  5. Inspiration is an active process
26
Q

Describe the process of normal expiration linking the action of muscles, to the movement of structures, the change in pressure within the lungs and the direction of airflow.

A
  1. The external intercostal an diaphragm muscles relax.
  2. The ribcage moves downwards and inwards and the diaphragm becomes curved again.
  3. The thorax volume decrease, causing air pressure to increase
  4. Air is forced out of the lungs down the pressure gradient
  5. Normal expiration is passive process
  6. Alveoli- elastic recoil
27
Q

Describe how the process of forced expiration is different from normal expiration and suggest when it might be used.

A

Expiration can be forced- the internal intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribcage down and in.
This is an active process rather than the passive process of normal expiration.

28
Q

State 3 pieces of equipment used to measure the functioning of the lungs. For each outline how they work.

A
  1. Peak flow meter- simple- measures the rate at which air can be expelled from the lung.
  2. Vitalographs- more sophisticated versions of PFM- tests the amount of air they breathe out and how quickly this is done- forced expiatory volume in 1 second.
  3. Spirometer- can be used to measure several different aspects of lung volume
29
Q

Label a diagram of a spirometer and annotate with the function of each component.

A
  1. Subject breathes in and out until Oxygen is used up- breathes into a mouth piece which has a tube connected to the oxygen chamber and has nose clips attached
  2. The tube has soda lime in it to absorb the CO2
  3. As the person breathes in and out the lid of the chamber moves up and down- movements are recorded by pen attached to lid of chamber, this writes on rotating drum creating a spirometer trace.
  4. Find online labelling acivity
30
Q

Describe how a spirometer measures change in lung volume and explain why it cannot measure total lung volume.

A

Because it can’t measure residual volume- what is already in your lungs- only what is breathed in and out.
Total lung volume measures residual volume and vital capacity

31
Q

Define the the term tidal volume

A

Is the volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each resting breath.

32
Q

Define the the term vital capacity

A

Is the volume of air that can be breathed in when the strongest possible exhalation is followed by the deepest possible intake of breath.

33
Q

Define the the term inspiratory reserve volume

A

Is the maximum volume of air you can breathe in after normal inhalation.

34
Q

Define the the term expiratory reserve volume

A

Is the extra volume of air you can force out of your lungs after the normal tidal volume of air you breathe out.

35
Q

Define the the term residual volume

A

Is the volume of air left in your lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible- can’t measured directly.

36
Q

Define the the term Total lung capacity

A

Is the sum of the vital capacity and residual volume- the volume of air in you lungs after maximal inspiration.

37
Q

Define the the term breathing rate

A

Is the number of breaths taken per minute

38
Q

Define the the term ventilation rate

A

Is the total volume of air inhaled in one minute

39
Q

Label a graph of lung volume during breathing with “tidal volume”, “vital capacity”, “inspiratory reserve volume”, “expiratory reserve volume”, “residual volume”, and “total lung capacity”.

A
  1. Tidal volume- the range between the peak and troughs of normal breathes- all the same size waves
  2. Vital capacity- the range form the bottom of the lowest peak to the top of the highest
  3. Inspiratory reserve volume- the range from the peak of the smaller waves to the peak of the large waves.
  4. Expiratory reserve volume- the range from the trough of the smaller waves to the trough of the larger wave.
  5. Residual volume- the range from the trough of the larger waves to 0 on the y-axis
  6. Total lung capacity- the total range from 0 to the peak of the large waves
40
Q

Explain how a spirometer trace is different to a graph of the changes in lung volume during breathing.

A

Changes in lung volume graphs- measured in mL
Spirometer trace- measured in volume of gas in spirometer/ dm^3
Changes in lung volume- peaks are for inspiratory and troughs are for expiratory
Spirometer trace- peaks are for expiratory and trough for inspiratory.

41
Q

Explain how to calculate breathing rate from spirometer trace.

A
  1. Count how many peaks there are in tidal volume section of the graph- number of breaths
  2. Read off x axis to see the time it took for thast number of breathes
  3. Then calculate breathes per minute
42
Q

Explain how to calculate tidal volume from spirometer trace.

A

Measure from the peak to the trough of the smaller waves.

43
Q

Write an equation to link ventilation rate with breathing rate and tidal volume.

A

Ventilation rate= breathing rate * tidal volume

44
Q

Describe how a spirometer trace would differ during exercise as compared to the trace before exercise started.

A

The horizontal distance from peak to peak is shorter.

Vertical distance between peak to trough is larger.

45
Q

Describe how tidal volume and breathing rate link to oxygen uptake and explain the importance of the change in tidal volume and breathing rate during exercise.

A

When you are exercising you need more oxygen for respiration to provide energy.
The larger the the tidal volume and breathing rate the larger the volume of oxygen uptake- so you need them to be larger when exercising.

46
Q

Suggest why it is not possible to remove all the air from the lungs

A

The thorax/rib cage/ lungs cannot be completely compressed
The trachea and bronchi are held open by cartilage
Bronchioles/alveoli are held open by elastic fibres

47
Q

Describe how a spirometer can be used to measure tidal volume

A
  1. Don’t breathe through nose
  2. Subject breathes evenly
  3. Measure amplitude of the waves
  4. Measure at least 3 and take the mean
  5. As you breathe in the lid and pen move down
48
Q

State the function of the smooth muscle fibres i the bronchus

A

To constrict the bronchus to control the movement of air

49
Q

Describe the function of the elastic fibres in the alveoli walls

A

To recoil/ expel air/ prevent bursting