Exchange surfaces- Mammalian gas exchange Flashcards
Describe how diffusion distance, SA, Volume and SA:Vol ratio vary with increasing organism size.
As the organism increases in size so does the diffusion distance, SA and Volume.
The SA:Vol is smaller as the volume increases more than SA
State the formulae for the circumference and area of a circle.
Circumference: 2πr
Area: πr^2
SA and Vol of sphere
Sphere:
SA: 4πr^2
Vol:4/3πr^3
SA and Vol of cuboid
SA: 2(bh + bl + hl)
Vol: hbl
SA and Vol of cylinder
SA: 2πr(r + l)
Vol: πr^2l
Describe how the level of activity of an organism is related to demand for oxygen and glucose.
Higher level of activity- more metabolic demands so more oxygen and glucose required.
Explain how volume is related to demand and surface area is related to supply. Also explain why supply meeting demand requires adaptations as organisms increase in size.
A high volume means the organism has a lot of cells which all have a metabolic requirement.
The larger the SA of the organism the faster the cells can be supplied.
Some larger organisms have a very small SA:Vol ratio meaning that they cannot get sufficient nutrients by diffusion alone- must adapt to form more specialised exchange surfaces.
Suggest some reasons why some organisms need specialised exchange surfaces.
When they have a small SA:Vol ratio diffusion is too slow so they need to have specialised exchange system to keep up with metabolic demands
State 4 features of efficient exchange surfaces. For each feature explain how it increases efficiency of the exchange surface.
- Increased SA- Provides area needed exchange, overcoming limitations SA:Vol ratio. e.g root hairs, villi
- Thin layers- shorter distances for substances to diffuse- faster and more efficient e.g. alveoli, villi
- Good blood supply- steeper conc gradient= faster diffusion. e.g alveoli, gills, villi
- Ventilation to maintain conc gradient- faster diffusion e.g gills where flow of water carrying dissolved gases, alveoli
State Fick’s law and show how the importance of each of the 4 features of efficient exchange surfaces can be explained by Fick’s law.
Rate of Diffusion is proportional to (SA* Conc gradient)/ thickness of barrier (distance)
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Draw and label a diagram of the human gaseous exchange system.
Find online labelling quiz
Describe the structure of the nasal cavity
- Large SA with good blood supply- warms air to body temp
- Hairy lining- secretes mucus to trap dust and bacteria protecting delicate lung tissue from infection
- Moist surfaces- increase humidity of incoming air, reducing evaporation from exchange surfaces
Describe the structure of the trachea
- wide tube supported by incomplete rings of strong flexible cartilage- stop from collapsing
- Lined with a ciliated epithelium with goblet cells between and below the epithelial cells- secrete mucus onto lining of trachea to trap dust and micorgs that have escaped the nose lining.
- Cilia beat and move the mucus along with trapped dirt and micorgs away from lungs
Describe the structure of the bronchus
- The trachea divides to form two bronchi each leading to a lung.
- Similar in structure to trachea with same supporting rings of cartilage.
Describe the structure of the bronchioles
- Bronchi divide to make many small bronchioles.
- Smaller bronchioles have no cartilage rings
- Walls of bronchioles contain smooth muscle - when it contracts the bronchioles constrict, when relaxes they dilate. - this changes amount of air reaching the lungs
- Lined with layer of flattened epithelium - some gaseous exchange can happen.
Describe the structure of the alveoli
- Consist of layer of thin, flattened epithelial cells along with some collagen and elastic fibres- allows the alveoli to stretch as air is drawn in. When they return to resting size air is squeezed out- elastic recoil of lungs
- Large SA
- Thin layers- one cell thick
- Good blood supply- surrounded by capillaries to maintain steep conc gradient.
- Good ventilation
- Inner surface is covered by thin layer of solution of water, salts and lung surfactant- surfactant allows alveoli to remain inflated and Oxygen is dissolved in the water before diffusion into the blood
Define breathing
A behaviour that you do by muscle contraction and relaxation
Define ventilation
The air flow generated by breathing inhalation/exhalation
Define gas exchange
The diffusion of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, especially the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment.