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A level Biology 2 > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term eukaryotic cell

A

Cells with a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Define the term ultrastructure

A

They are the features of a cell which can be sen using an electron microscope

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3
Q

Draw diagrams of a typical plant and animal cell, labelling the structures

A

Find a labelling activity online

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4
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the nucleus

A

Structure
1. has a double membrane (nuclear envelope)
2. it has pores- nuclear pores
3. the nucleus contains chromatin which is made form DNA and proteins
4. it often contains a nucleolus
Function
1. Controls cell activities
2. contains instructions to make proteins
3. the pores allow substances (RNA) to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the nucleolus

A
  1. It is and area in the nucleus and is responsible for producing ribosomes.
  2. composed of proteins and RNA
  3. RNA is used to produce ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which is then combined with proteins to form the ribosomes necessary for protein synthesis
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6
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the nuclear envelope

A
  1. the nuclear envelope contains pores which allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus.
  2. it also protects the nucleus from damage in the cytoplasm
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7
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Structure
1. A system of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae
2. the surface is covered with ribosomes
Functions
1. Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

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8
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Structure
1. Similar to RER but with no ribosomes
Function
1. Synthesises and processes and stores lipids and carbs

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9
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the golgi apparatus

A

Structure
1. A group of fluid-filled, membrane bound, flattened sacs
2. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs
Function
1. It processes and packages new lipids and proteins into vesicles
2. It also makes lysosomes
3. It modifies proteins

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10
Q

Outline the structure and functions of ribosomes

A 
Structure
1. Very small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the RER
2. It is made up of proteins and RNA 
3. Not surrounded by a membrane
Function
1. the site where proteins are made
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11
Q

Outline the structure and functions of mitochondrian

A

Structure
1. Usually oval shaped
2 has a double membrane - the inner one is folded to form structures called cristae
3. inside is a matrix, which contains enzymes involved in Respiration
Function
1. Site of aerobic Respiration where ATP is produced
2. Found in very large numbers in cells that are v active and require a lot of energy.

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12
Q

Outline the structure and functions of lysosomes

A

Structure
1. A round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure
Function
1. Contains digestive enzymes which are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membranes. they can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell.

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13
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the chloroplasts

A

Structure
1. Small, flattened structure found in plant cells.
2. surrounded by a double membrane
3. also has membranes inside called the thylakoid membranes
4. these membranes are stacked up in some parts of
the chloroplast to form grana.
5. Grana are linked together by lamellae- thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane
Function
1. Site of Photosynthesis
2. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana
3. Other parts happen in the stoma (a thick fluid found in chloroplasts)

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14
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the plasma membrane

A

Structure
1. The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of plant cells and prokaryotic cells
2. It’s made mainly of proteins and lipids
Functions
1. Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
2. it also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

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15
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the centrioles

A

Structure
1. Small, hollow cylinders, made of microtubules (tiny proteins cylinders)
2. found in animal cells but only some plant cells
Function
1. involved with the separations of chromosomes during cell division

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16
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the cell wall

A

Structure
1. A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells
2. It’s made mainly of carbohydrate cellulose
Function
1. Supports plant cells

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17
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the flagella

A

Structure
1. Flagella are like cilia but longer
2. they stick out from the cell surface and are surrounded by the plasma membrane
3. Inside they have two microtubule in the centre and 9 pairs around the edge
Functions
1. Microtubules contract to make the flagellum move.
2. they are like outboard motors to propel cells forward

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18
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the cilia

A

Structure
1. small, hair like structures found on the surface membrane of some animal cells
2. in the cross-section they have an outer membrane and a ring of nine pairs of protein microtubules inside, with a single pair of microtubules in the middle
Functions
1. the microtubules allow the cilia to move. this movement is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface

19
Q

State 3 similarities and 3 differences between a typical plant and animal cell.

A 
Similarities
1. both have nucleus
2. both have plasma membrane
3. both have cytoplasm
differences
1. plants also have chloroplasts
2. plants have a cell wall
3. Plants have a large permanent vacuole
20
Q

Draw and label a diagram of a mitochondrion.

A

look at book and draw it

21
Q

. Draw and label a diagram of a chloroplast

A

look at book and draw it

22
Q

Draw a diagram showing the relative sizes of different cellular components.

A

Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast are big
ribosomes are smallest
vacuole in plant cell is the biggest

23
Q

Identify organelles from images produced by light microscopy, TEM and SEM.

A

Practice this

online quizzes

24
Q

Protein production

A
  1. Nucleus- Transcription- DNA is converted to mRNA and is sent out of the nucleus into cytoplasm via the nuclear pores
  2. Ribosomes on RER- mRNA attaches to the ribosomes and proteins are made (translation)
  3. RER- proteins are folded and processed in the RER. then they are transported from the RER to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus in vesicles
  4. Golgi apparatus- proteins may undergo further processing (e.g sugar chains are trimmed or more are added)
  5. Proteins leave the Golgi apparatus from the transface in the secretory vesicles
  6. Secretory take the finished proteins to the plasma membrane where they undergo exocytosis and leave the cell
25
Q

Outline the structure of the 3 components of the cytoskeleton.

A

The cytoskeleton is a network of fibres necessary for the shape and stability of the cell

  1. Microfilaments- contractile fibres formed from the protein actin.
  2. Microtubules- globular tubulin proteins polymerised to form tubes to form a scaffold-like structure that determines the shape of the cell
  3. intermediate fibres- these fibres give mechanical strength to a cell and help maintain their integrity
26
Q

Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton in a cell.

A
  1. the microtubules and microfilaments support the cell’s organelles, keeping them in position
  2. they also help to strengthen the cell and maintain its shape
  3. they are responsible for the transport of organelles and materials within the cell- e.g the movement of vesicles around the cell relies on cytoskeletal proteins
  4. the proteins of the cytoskeleton can also cause the cell to move
27
Q

Describe the importance of the cytoskeleton in movements of chromosomes

A

The movement of chromosomes when they separate during cell division depends on contraction of microtubules in the spindle

28
Q

Describe the importance of the cytoskeleton in movements of cilia and flagella

A

The movement of cilia and flagella is caused by cytoskeletal protein filaments that run through them.
so in the case of single cells that have flagellum (sperm cell) the cytoskeleton propels the whole cell

29
Q

Describe the importance of the cytoskeleton in movements of vesicles.

A

Microtubules act as tracts for the movement of organelles including vesicles

30
Q

Define the term “prokaryotic cell”.

A

single-celled organism without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

31
Q

List examples of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A 
Prokaryotic
1. bacteria
Eukaryotic
1. Plants
2. Animals
3. fungi
4. Protoctists
32
Q

Draw a diagram of a prokaryotic cell, label the structures and annotate with their function.

A

label a diagram or something

33
Q

Outline the structure and functions of cell wall in prokaryotic cells

A

Structure
1. made out of peptidoglycan or murein
Function
2. structure and support for a cell

34
Q

Outline the structure and functions of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells

A

Structure

1. smaller 70s and free in cell

35
Q

Outline the structure and functions of flagellum in prokaryotic cells

A

Structure

  1. Made of protein flagellin arranged in a helix
  2. thinner
  3. Not got a 9+2 arrangement
36
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells

A

it has one but not around organelles

37
Q

Outline the structure and functions of plasmid in prokaryotic cells

A

Structure
1. small loop of DNA
Function
1. used to swap genetic material with other bacteria so they can evolve very quickly

38
Q

Outline the structure and functions of bacterial chromosome in prokaryotic cells

A

circular chromosomes`

39
Q

Outline the structure and functions of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic cells

A

Less complex than in eukaryotic cells

cell as flagella which propel the cell by microfilaments

40
Q

Outline the structure and functions of pili in prokaryotic cells

A

pili are protein hairs that adhere to surfaces

41
Q

Outline the structure and functions of slime capsules in prokaryotic cells

A

A layer around the cell wall outside the cell that prevents the cell from drying

42
Q

all structures in eukaryotic cell

14 things

A
  1. nucleus
  2. nucleolus
  3. nuclear envelope
  4. plasma membrane
  5. chloroplast
  6. RER
  7. SER
  8. Ribosomes
  9. Mitochondria
  10. golgi apparatus
  11. vacuole
  12. cytoplasm
  13. cell wall
  14. vescicle
  15. lysosome
43
Q

all structures in prokaryotic cell

A
  1. DNA (bacterial chromosome)
  2. flagellum
  3. ribosome
  4. plasma membrane
  5. plasmid
  6. cell wall
  7. slime capsule
  8. pili
44
Q

Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A
  1. Reproduction: EC- asexual or sexual. PC- Binary fission
  2. Cell size: EC- 20-40 um diameter PC- usually 0.5-
    5 um diameter
  3. location of genetic material: EC- In the nucleus PC- free in the cytoplasm

A level Biology 2 (32 decks)

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