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Biology > Exchange surfaces > Flashcards

Exchange surfaces Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens to the SA:V of larger organisms?

A

Its smaller.

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2
Q

Explain the SA: Vol ratio for a single celled organism and a flatworm.

A
  1. Single celled organism has a very high SA:Vol direct diffusion of oxygen absorbs O2 through a membrane.

Flat worm also has a high SA:V ratio, short diffusion distance to every cell as its flat.

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3
Q

Explain the SA:V of small and large mammals.

A

Small mammals, have a higher SA:V ratio so they lose more heat per g of body, faster rate of respiration so more oxygen is needed to maintain a constant body temp.

Larger mammals have a smaller SA: V ratio so they lose less heat per g of body so slower rate of respiration uses less oxygen.

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4
Q

How is high surface area maintained in humans for gas exchange?

A

Alveoli, lots of them and they have folded membranes, high surface area many capillaries means fast diffusion.

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5
Q

How is a high conc gradient maintained for gas exchange for humans?

A

ventilation brings in air with high conc of O2 replaces air with low conc of O2

Circulation replaces blood high in o2 with blood low in O2 to maintain a high conc gradient higher rate diffusion.

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6
Q

How is a short diffusion distance maintained for human gas exchange?

A

Alveoli and capillaries, have thin epitheliums, short diffusion distance.

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7
Q

How does the rings of cartilage help in mammalian gaseous exchange system?

A

Hold airways open, provide strength.
Eg Trachea and bronchi.

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8
Q

How does the ciliated epithelium help in mammalian gas exchange system?

A
  1. Wave to remove mucucs/dust /bacteria and example of this in trachea bronchus or bronchioles.
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9
Q

How do goblet cells work in mammalian gas exchange system?

A

secrete mucous, in trachea bronchi bronchus.

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10
Q

how does smooth muscle work in the mammalian gaseous exchange system?

A

constrict to control diameter of airways eg trachea bronchi.

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11
Q

How do elastic fibres work in mammalian gas exchange system?

A

Made of elastin protein
Recoil aids ventilation.

In Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli.

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12
Q

Describe what happens in Inspiration?

A
  1. Diaphragm contracts – Flattens
    2.External intercostal muscles contract causing ribs to move up and out.
  2. Increases the volume of the thorax
  3. Decreases presuure in the thorax Air moves in from high to low pressure.
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13
Q

Describe what happens in expiration?

A
  1. Diaphragm relaxes - Dome shape
  2. External intercostal muscles relax causing ribs to move down and it
  3. Decreased volume of the thorax
  4. Increased pressure in the thorax
    Air moves out from high pressure to low pressure.
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14
Q

What is the tidal volume?

What is Breathing/Ventilation rate?

Oxygen consumption?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath at rest

No. of breaths per minute

Volume of oxygen used per minute

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15
Q

What affect does Exercise have on Tidal volume and Breathing ventilation rate?

A

All Increased.

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16
Q

Describe how gas exchange takes place in Insects?

A
  1. Air enters through spiracles
  2. O2 diffuses down Conc gradient along the trachea.
  3. Trachea are closely surrounded by cells .
  4. O2 diffuses into cells.

Ventilation maintains a steep concentration gradient.

17
Q

How is water loss regulated in insects?

A

Body is covered by waxy cuticle to reduce evaporation.

Insects can close their spiracles.

18
Q

How are lamella and filaments in fish adapted to a high rate of gas exchange?

A

Fillaments and lamelle have a big surface area increased efficiency of diffusion

19
Q

How do thin epithelium help with gas exchange in fish?

A

Short diffusion distance.

20
Q

How does counter current flow help in gas exchange of fish?

A

Blood and water move in opposite directions:

Maintains a high conc gradient
äter is always next to blood with high conc of O2.

21
Q

Describe the steps in Ventilation in Bony fish?

A
  1. Lower jaw Opens
  2. Volume of the buccal cavity Increases
  3. Pressure in the buccal cavity decreases
  4. OXYGENATED Water moves into mouth down the pressure gradient
  5. Lower jaw closes increases pressure in the buccal cavity, volume of the buccal cavity decreases
  6. OXYGENTAED WATER flows over the gill filaments and out of the operculum.

Biology (9 decks)

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