Exchange of Substances Flashcards
alveoli
small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of the bronchioles which provide a large surface area for gas exchange
amylases
a class of enzymes that hydrolyse polysaccharides
antiporter
a membrane protein involved in the co-transport of molecules in opposite direction
aorta
the main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure
arteriole
a smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries
artery
a type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
atrium
a type of chamber in the heart which receives blood directly from a vein and passes it on to a ventricle
bile salts
molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids, increasing the lipid surface area for breakdown
bronchi
the two airways branching out from the trachea and lead to the smaller bronchioles
capillary
a very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues
capillary bed
a network of many different apiaries that supply the tissues with blood
coronary artery
the main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood
co-transport
a type of membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane
diaphragm
a large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to reduce and increase the lung capacity to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation
endopeptidase
a class of enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds within polypeptides
exopeptidases
a class of enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds at the end of proteins
external intercostal muscles
a set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that are involved in forced and quiet inhalation
gill filaments
small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch
gill lamellae
small protrusions on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area available for gas exchange
haemoglobin
a protein found in red blood cells that has a quaternary structure and is specialised to carry oxygen to the tissues
internal intercostal muscles
a set of muscles found between the ribs the inside that are involved in forced exhalation
left atrium
the chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle
lipase
a class of enzymes that hydrolyse lipids
membrane-bound dipeptidases
a class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyse disaccharides into monosaccharides
micelles
an organised group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids
phloem
a type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed
positive cooperativity
conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin that increase the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen
pulmonary artery
the main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation
pulmonary vein
the main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart
renal artery
the main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart
renal vein
the main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart
right atrium
the chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle
right ventricle
the chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation
spiracles
small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases with their environment
spongy mesophyll
a type of loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in plant leaves which is specialised for gas exchange
stomata
small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange
symporter
a membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction
the Bohr effect
a decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in areas with a high carbon dioxide concentration
tissue fluid
fluid filtered out from the blood that bathes tissues and provides the cells with substances like food and dissolved gases for exchange
trachea
the main airway that acts as a passage for air to pass to and from the bronchi
trachea (mammals)
a tube reinforced with cartilage that allows for the movement of air between the larynx and bronchi
tracheae (insects)
tubes leading from the spiracles to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system
tracheoles
very small tubes that make up the respiratory system of insects and carry gases from the tracheae to the cells
vein
a type of blood vessel that carries blood into the heart from other parts of the body
vena cava
the main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart
ventricle
a type of chamber in the heart which receives blood from the atrium above it and pumps it out of the heart
vunle
a smaller type of blood vessel that connects capillaries with veins
xerophyte
a type of plant that is adapted to survive in places with very little water
xylem
the tissue that transports water in the stem and leaves of plants
