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AQA A-Level Biology > Exchange of Substances > Flashcards

Exchange of Substances Flashcards

1
Q

alveoli

A

small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of the bronchioles which provide a large surface area for gas exchange

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2
Q

amylases

A

a class of enzymes that hydrolyse polysaccharides

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3
Q

antiporter

A

a membrane protein involved in the co-transport of molecules in opposite direction

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4
Q

aorta

A

the main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure

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5
Q

arteriole

A

a smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries

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6
Q

artery

A

a type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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7
Q

atrium

A

a type of chamber in the heart which receives blood directly from a vein and passes it on to a ventricle

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8
Q

bile salts

A

molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids, increasing the lipid surface area for breakdown

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9
Q

bronchi

A

the two airways branching out from the trachea and lead to the smaller bronchioles

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10
Q

capillary

A

a very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues

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11
Q

capillary bed

A

a network of many different apiaries that supply the tissues with blood

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12
Q

coronary artery

A

the main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood

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13
Q

co-transport

A

a type of membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane

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14
Q

diaphragm

A

a large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to reduce and increase the lung capacity to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation

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15
Q

endopeptidase

A

a class of enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds within polypeptides

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16
Q

exopeptidases

A

a class of enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds at the end of proteins

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17
Q

external intercostal muscles

A

a set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that are involved in forced and quiet inhalation

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18
Q

gill filaments

A

small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch

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19
Q

gill lamellae

A

small protrusions on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area available for gas exchange

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20
Q

haemoglobin

A

a protein found in red blood cells that has a quaternary structure and is specialised to carry oxygen to the tissues

21
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

a set of muscles found between the ribs the inside that are involved in forced exhalation

22
Q

left atrium

A

the chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle

23
Q

lipase

A

a class of enzymes that hydrolyse lipids

24
Q

membrane-bound dipeptidases

A

a class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyse disaccharides into monosaccharides

25
Q

micelles

A

an organised group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids

26
Q

phloem

A

a type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed

27
Q

positive cooperativity

A

conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin that increase the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen

28
Q

pulmonary artery

A

the main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation

29
Q

pulmonary vein

A

the main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart

30
Q

renal artery

A

the main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart

31
Q

renal vein

A

the main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart

32
Q

right atrium

A

the chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle

33
Q

right ventricle

A

the chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation

34
Q

spiracles

A

small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases with their environment

35
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

a type of loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in plant leaves which is specialised for gas exchange

36
Q

stomata

A

small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange

37
Q

symporter

A

a membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction

38
Q

the Bohr effect

A

a decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in areas with a high carbon dioxide concentration

39
Q

tissue fluid

A

fluid filtered out from the blood that bathes tissues and provides the cells with substances like food and dissolved gases for exchange

40
Q

trachea

A

the main airway that acts as a passage for air to pass to and from the bronchi

41
Q

trachea (mammals)

A

a tube reinforced with cartilage that allows for the movement of air between the larynx and bronchi

42
Q

tracheae (insects)

A

tubes leading from the spiracles to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system

43
Q

tracheoles

A

very small tubes that make up the respiratory system of insects and carry gases from the tracheae to the cells

44
Q

vein

A

a type of blood vessel that carries blood into the heart from other parts of the body

45
Q

vena cava

A

the main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart

46
Q

ventricle

A

a type of chamber in the heart which receives blood from the atrium above it and pumps it out of the heart

47
Q

vunle

A

a smaller type of blood vessel that connects capillaries with veins

48
Q

xerophyte

A

a type of plant that is adapted to survive in places with very little water

49
Q

xylem

A

the tissue that transports water in the stem and leaves of plants

AQA A-Level Biology (8 decks)

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