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AQA A-Level Biology > Exchange of Substances > Flashcards

Exchange of Substances Flashcards

1
Q

alveoli

A

small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of the bronchioles which provide a large surface area for gas exchange

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2
Q

amylases

A

a class of enzymes that hydrolyse polysaccharides

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3
Q

antiporter

A

a membrane protein involved in the co-transport of molecules in opposite direction

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4
Q

aorta

A

the main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure

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5
Q

arteriole

A

a smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries

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6
Q

artery

A

a type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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7
Q

atrium

A

a type of chamber in the heart which receives blood directly from a vein and passes it on to a ventricle

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8
Q

bile salts

A

molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids, increasing the lipid surface area for breakdown

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9
Q

bronchi

A

the two airways branching out from the trachea and lead to the smaller bronchioles

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10
Q

capillary

A

a very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues

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11
Q

capillary bed

A

a network of many different apiaries that supply the tissues with blood

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12
Q

coronary artery

A

the main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood

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13
Q

co-transport

A

a type of membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane

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14
Q

diaphragm

A

a large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to reduce and increase the lung capacity to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation

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15
Q

endopeptidase

A

a class of enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds within polypeptides

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16
Q

exopeptidases

A

a class of enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds at the end of proteins

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17
Q

external intercostal muscles

A

a set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that are involved in forced and quiet inhalation

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18
Q

gill filaments

A

small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch

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19
Q

gill lamellae

A

small protrusions on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area available for gas exchange

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20
Q

haemoglobin

A

a protein found in red blood cells that has a quaternary structure and is specialised to carry oxygen to the tissues

21
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

a set of muscles found between the ribs the inside that are involved in forced exhalation

22
Q

left atrium

A

the chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle

23
Q

lipase

A

a class of enzymes that hydrolyse lipids

24
Q

membrane-bound dipeptidases

A

a class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyse disaccharides into monosaccharides

25
micelles
an organised group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids
26
phloem
a type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed
27
positive cooperativity
conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin that increase the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen
28
pulmonary artery
the main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation
29
pulmonary vein
the main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart
30
renal artery
the main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart
31
renal vein
the main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart
32
right atrium
the chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle
33
right ventricle
the chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation
34
spiracles
small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases with their environment
35
spongy mesophyll
a type of loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in plant leaves which is specialised for gas exchange
36
stomata
small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange
37
symporter
a membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction
38
the Bohr effect
a decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in areas with a high carbon dioxide concentration
39
tissue fluid
fluid filtered out from the blood that bathes tissues and provides the cells with substances like food and dissolved gases for exchange
40
trachea
the main airway that acts as a passage for air to pass to and from the bronchi
41
trachea (mammals)
a tube reinforced with cartilage that allows for the movement of air between the larynx and bronchi
42
tracheae (insects)
tubes leading from the spiracles to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system
43
tracheoles
very small tubes that make up the respiratory system of insects and carry gases from the tracheae to the cells
44
vein
a type of blood vessel that carries blood into the heart from other parts of the body
45
vena cava
the main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart
46
ventricle
a type of chamber in the heart which receives blood from the atrium above it and pumps it out of the heart
47
vunle
a smaller type of blood vessel that connects capillaries with veins
48
xerophyte
a type of plant that is adapted to survive in places with very little water
49
xylem
the tissue that transports water in the stem and leaves of plants

AQA A-Level Biology (8 decks)

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